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Habib Bourguiba (Arabic: حبيب بورقيبة) (August 3, 1903 – April 6, 2000) was a Tunisian statesman and the Founder and First President of the Republic of Tunisia from July 25, 1957 until November 7, 1987. He is often compared to Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk because of the pro-Western reforms enacted during his presidency. During the time Bourguiba was president, education was a high priority. Bourguiba also promoted women's rights as a way to gain Western support for his regime during the Cold War. Though these set important legal precedents by prohibiting polygamy, expanding women's access to divorce, and raising the age at which girls could marry to 17 years of age - he simultaneously banned women's rights groups from organizing. The new Personal Status Code passed in August 1956 expanded women's rights, though it remains open to debate how much this transformed Tunisian society in practice. Notably, the Code also institutionalized the role of the father as head of the family. After independence, Tunisia's Jewish Community Council was abolished by the government and many Jewish areas and buildings were destroyed for "urban renewal." The youngest of eight brothers and sisters, Habib Bourguiba was born on August 3, 1903 in Monastir (100 miles south of Tunis). Habib Bourguiba attended school in Tunis at the famous Collège Sadiki and then at the Lycée Carnot. He obtained his Baccalaureat in 1924 and went to the University of Paris to study law and political science. While in Paris, the adult Bourguiba met Mathilde Lorrain, his lodger at that time, whom he married in 1927, and who bore him on April 9, 1927 his only son, Habib Bourguiba, Jr. The same year Bourguiba graduated in law and political science, he went back with his newly formed family to Tunisia where he got immediately involved in the political arena by joining two newspapers in 1928: l’Etendard Tunisien (The Tunisian Flag) and Sawt At-Tunisi (The Tunisian Voice). In 1931, the French colonial authorities prosecuted him for his alleged "Incitement to racial hatred". Subsequent to this, Bourguiba launched a militant newspaper L’Action Tunisienne, laying the ground for strong action against the colonial power. As a member of the Executive Committee of the Destour Party, Bourguiba found himself less in tune with the mainstream party vision, which culminated in the Monastir incident of August 8, 1933 relative to the burial of a naturalized Tunisian citizen. Bourguiba was pushed to resign from the committee, which led to the creation of the Neo Destour Party in Ksar Hellal on March 2, 1934 with Bourguiba as the Secretary General of the Political Bureau. From that moment, Bourguiba set out to crisscross the country to try to enroll the majority of Tunisians from the countryside; and thus create a more popular base for his newly formed party so that he managed in a couple of years to set up more than 400 branches (cells) of the Neo Destour. In September 1934, the colonial representative (Resident General) Mr Peyrouton ordered that Bourguiba be confined to Borj-Leboeuf, a remote place on the border of the Sahara desert, until April 1936 when he was released with most of his companions. After the famous popular uprising of April 9, 1938, where colonial troops opened fire on demonstrators killing and injuring hundreds of civilians, Bourguiba was once again imprisoned on June 10, 1939 along with a group of militants on charges of plotting against the state security and incitement to civil war.
At
the outbreak of World War II, Bourguiba was transferred to the
Teboursouk prison and then in May 1940, to the Haut Fort Saint Nicholas
near Marseilles until November 18, 1942 where he was taken to Fort
Montluc in Lyon. After which he ended up in Fort Vancia in Ain until
the Germans released him and took him to Chalon-sur-Saône.
In a manoeuvre by the Germans and Italian Fascist regime to gain
Bourguiba's alliance, he was received with full honours in Rome, in
January 1943, but to no avail; the Italian Foreign Affairs Ministry
tried to obtain a statement in their favour; on the eve of his return
home, he accepted to deliver a message to the Tunisian people by "Radio
Bari", cautioning them against "all the appetites". In his return to
Tunis, on April 7, 1943 he made sure that the message he had sent from
his prison in August 1942 reached the general population as well as the
militants, that Germany was bound to lose the war and that Tunisia's
independence would only come after the victory of the Allies. He emphasized his position by putting it as a question of life or death for Tunisia. After
the end of World War II, Bourguiba, after many sterile efforts to open
a dialogue with the French authorities, came to the conclusion that the
Tunisian cause had to be brought to the attention of the world opinion.
In March 1945, he left Sfax secretly, on a small fisherman's boat,
heading to Libya, and from there, on foot and on camel's back, he
managed to reach Cairo, which he used as a base for his international
activity. He took part in the setting up of the Greater Maghreb Office.
He travelled continuously to the different Arab countries, members of
the newly born Arab League, Europe, (Switzerland, Belgium), to Asia,
(Pakistan, India, Indonesia) and USA to promote the Tunisian aspiration
for independence and met with high and influential personalities to
help the Tunisian cause. On September 8, 1949, Bourguiba returned to
Tunis to reorganise the Party and resume his direct contact policy with
the population by visiting small towns and villages throughout the
country. In
April 1950, he laid out a seven-point program aiming at ending the
system of direct administration in Tunisia and restoring full Tunisian
sovereignty as a final step to independent statehood. In 1951, he
embarked on a second round of trips to promote his program at the
international level. In light of the French Government refusal to
concede to national claims, Bourguiba toughened his stance and called
for unlimited resistance and general insurrection. This tactic led to
his arrest on January 18, 1952 and his confinement in Tabarka, then
Remada, then in La Galite and finally Groix Island at the Ferte Castle. Pierre Mendès-France became
French prime minister in 1954; his positions on France's colonial
policies opened the door to Tunisian home-rule. June 1, 1955 saw the
return of Bourguiba. The "Internal Autonomy Agreement" was a big step
to total independence. After several arduous negotiations, independence
was proclaimed on March 20, 1956, with Habib Bourguiba as president of
the "National Constituent Assembly", and Head of the Government. On July 25, 1957, a republic was proclaimed abolishing the monarchy and
investing Bourguiba with powers of President of the Republic.
Bourguiba's long and powerful presidency was formative for the creation
of the Tunisian state and nation. After a failed experiment with socialist economic policies, Bourguiba embarked from the early 1970s on an economically liberal model of development spearheaded by his Prime Minister, Hédi Nouira for a ten-year period. This witnessed the flourishing of privately owned business and the consolidation of the private sector. On the international front, Bourguiba took a pro-Western position in the Cold War,
but with a fiercely defended independent foreign policy that challenged
the leadership of the Arab League by Egyptian President Nasser. In
March 1965, he delivered the historical Jericho Speech advocating a fair and lasting peace between Palestinians and Israelis based
on the UN 1947 Resolution that proposed two states. In 1979 Tunis
became the headquarters of the Arab League after the Camp David Accords
and in 1982, it welcomed the Palestine Liberation Organization's (PLO) leadership in Tunis, after it had been ousted from Beirut during the Lebanese Civil War. In March 1975, the Tunisian National Assembly voted Bourguiba president for life, as an exceptional measure. In the 1980s Bourguiba made efforts to combat both poverty and a rising Islamist opposition, spearheaded by the Nahda party. On November 7, 1987, Prime Minister Zine El Abidine Ben Ali declared
President Habib Bourguiba impeached on medical grounds and
constitutionally replaced him as President of Tunisia, on the basis of
a strict reading of Article 57.
The
Bourguiba government's reforms include female emancipation, public
education, family planning, a modern, state-run healthcare system, a
campaign to improve literacy, administrative, financial and economic
organization, suppression of the "Waqf frozen property", and building the country's infrastructure. Bourguiba
remained as President of Tunisia until November 7, 1987, when his
newly-appointed Prime minister and constitutional successor impeached
him, claiming his old age and health reasons as certified by his own
doctors made him unfit to govern. President Bourguiba lived in Monastir under government protection in the Governor's Mansion for the last 13 years of his life. President
Bourgiba died on April 6, 2000 at the age of 96. He was buried with
national honors in Monastir, in a mausoleum built on April 8, 2000. |