December 24, 2010 <Back to Index>
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Tarja Kaarina Halonen (born 24 December 1943) is the 11th and current President of Finland. The first female to hold the office, Halonen had previously been a member of the parliament from 1979 to 2000 when she resigned after her election to the presidency. In addition to her political career she had a long and extensive career in trade unions and different non-governmental organizations. Halonen is a graduate of the University of Helsinki,
where she studied law from 1963 to 1968. She was active in student
politics and served as the Social Affairs Secretary and Organization
Secretary of the National Union of Students from 1969 to 1970. In 1971 she joined the Social Democratic Party and worked as a lawyer in the Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions until
she was elected to parliament in 1979. Halonen served in the parliament
of Finland for six terms, from 1979 to 2000, representing the constituency of Helsinki. She also had a long career in the city council of Helsinki, serving there from 1977 to 1996. She began to run for the presidency at the beginning of 1999 after President Martti Ahtisaari announced
that he would not stand for a second term in the office. She easily won
her party's nomination, but in the beginning she finished only 4th in
opinion polls for the elections. After campaigning she got 40% of the votes in the first round, and 51.6% in the second, thus defeating the Centre Party's Esko Aho and becoming the 11th president of Finland. During
the time of her presidency she has been extremely popular among Finns:
her approval ratings rose and reached a peak of 88% in December 2003.
Even though her ratings were so good, she was not re-elected in the
first round in the next presidential elections in 2006. She beat conservative candidate Sauli Niinistöin the second round by 51.8% against 48.2%. In 2004 she finished 5th in a TV-show called Great Finns, which was based on the BBC's 100 Greatest Britons. Halonen is widely known for her interest in human rights issues. In 1980–81 Halonen served as the chairman of SETA, the main LGBT rights
organization in Finland. During her presidency she has participated
actively in discussion of women's rights and problems of globalization.
In 2006 she was mentioned by many sources as a potential candidate for
the United Nations Secretary-General selection,
but later she stated that she wanted to finish her term as president
before thinking about other career options. President Halonen is a
member of the Council of Women World Leaders,
an International network of current and former women presidents and
prime ministers whose mission is to mobilize the highest-level women
leaders globally for collective action on issues of critical importance
to women and equitable development. Tarja Halonen was born on 24 December 1943 in the district of Kallio which is a traditional working-class area in central Helsinki. Her mother Lyyli Elina Loimola was a set-dresser and her father Vieno Olavi Halonen worked as a welder.
Halonen's parents married each other at the beginning of World War II
and Tarja was born a few years later. Vieno Halonen was at the
frontline and Lyyli Halonen was working in a shoe factory when their
daughter was born. After the war the couple decided to get a divorce,
and in 1950 Lyyli Halonen married her new husband Thure Forss, who
worked as an electrician and was very active in the working-class community. Both
Halonen's mother and her stepfather influenced her world view
extensively. Halonen later said that her mother was a true survivor,
always an extremely active and resilient person who valued good, honest
and modest hardworking people. When she entered politics, Halonen
stated that these are also the qualities and attributes she respects in
people. In 1950 she began her studies in Kallio Elementary school from where she later moved to Kallio Gymnasium and finally finished her matriculation examination in 1962. She began to study Art History in the University of Helsinki in 1962 but in autumn 1963 she changed her studies to law, and obtained her Master of Laws degree in 1968 specializing in criminal law. She began to work as a lawyer, already before obtaining her degree, in a credit surveillance company Luotonvalvonta oy in
1967. After working there for a few years, she was hired by the National
Union of University Students in Finland to work as a Social Affairs and
General Secretary from 1969 to 1970. Her work in the Union made her
more interested in politics and in 1970 she obtained a post as a lawyer
in the Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions, being the first female ever to work as a lawyer in the Union. In 1971 she decided to join the Social Democratic Party of Finland which had close ties with the trade unions where she worked as a lawyer from 1970 to 1974. In
early 1970 she was elected to represent Central Organisation of Finnish
Trade Unions in a committee that called for the recognition of the German Democratic Republic. Later she became the Vice-President of the committee, which lobbied then President Urho Kekkonen. During the presidential elections of 2006 she was criticized by rivals for this. She
responded that the committee was formed by members from many different
political parties including conservative parties. In 1973 Finland
recognized both the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany at the same time as many other countries did. In 1974 Prime Minister Kalevi Sorsa appointed Halonen as his parliamentary secretary.
She became acquainted with the world of Finnish politics and government
and her political career took a great step forward, as she went on to
hold a number of public offices. Sorsa later said that he wanted his
parliamentary secretary to have good ties with the trade unions of
Finland and have skills in jurisprudence. Working
in the Parliament made Halonen even more interested in politics and she
decided to take part in the municipal elections of 1976. She was
elected to the Helsinki City Council, a position she held continuously for five terms from 1977 to 1996. Additionally, in 1979 she was elected to the Parliament of Finland as a representative of the Helsinki constituency.
She served five full terms and less than a year of her sixth term in
the parliament until her inauguration as President in 2000. In the
Parliament her first formal post was as Chairman of the Social
Committee from 1984 to 1987. In 1987, Halonen was appointed by Prime Minister Harri Holkeri to
be the Minister of Social Affairs and Health in the government, a
position she held until 1990. In addition to this, she served as
Minister of Nordic Cooperation
from 1989 until 1991, the same year in which she was also appointed
chairman of the International Solidarity Foundation, a post she
relinquished in 2000. From
1990 to 1991 she served as Minister of Justice, and from 1995 until her
election as President she served as the Minister for Foreign Affairs in
the government of her Social Democratic colleague Prime Minister Paavo Lipponen. Halonen announced in 1999 that she wished to stand as a candidate for President in the 2000 Presidential elections. In the preliminary elections of the Social Democrats Halonen ran against Pertti Paasio, a member of the European Parliament and former party chairman, and Jacob Söderman, the European Ombudsman. The incumbent, Martti Ahtisaari,
refused to run in party preliminaries and thus announced that he would
not run for a second term. Halonen won the preliminaries by a
landslide, getting 7800 of the total of 12,800 votes. Halonen
was a surprising candidate as she didn't represent many traditional
values: She was known as a left-wing social democratic party member,
who lived in a domestic partnership, was a single parent and had resigned from the national church, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland.
While Halonen started from fourth place in the presidential election
polls, surprisingly in the first round of the elections she got the
most votes, 40.0%. Her nearest opponent, the former Prime Minister Esko Aho of the Centre Party, got 34.4%. Since
neither of the two candidates got over 50% of the votes, a second round
was held as required by Finnish Law. In the second round, Halonen
narrowly defeated her opponent with 51.6% against 48.4% thus becoming
Finland's first female President. Her first term began on 1 March 2000. After
her narrow election victory in the first election, Halonen's approval
ratings rose and reached a peak of 88% in December 2003. In a 2001
Halonen said that she is worried about the Russian response if NATO
approved membership bids by Baltic countries. Latvian President Vaira Vike-Freiberga asked what she meant and whether Halonen is actively opposing NATO membership of Baltic countries. In the Iraqgate scandal, Halonen's advisor Martti Manninen leaked confidential documents to the Centre Party leader Anneli Jäätteenmäki, who would become Prime Minister. The revelations led to the resignation of Jäätteenmäki. Halonen has opposed the use of landmines in Finnish military doctrine. Halonen has defended cluster bombs and did not sign a treaty which would have banned Finland from using these kinds of weapons. On 20 May 2005, Halonen held a press conference in Mäntyniemi where
she announced her willingness to run for a second term. Officially,
this was the desired answer for the SDP delegation that had visited her
two days earlier. In addition to her own party's support, the leader of
the Left Alliance, Suvi-Anne Siimes, gave her support for Halonen's future campaign. SAK openly lobbied for her re-election. It used its members money on mudslinging campaigns
on behalf of Halonen. In flyers, "Niinistö is presented as the
horror of worker, whereas SAK-supported Halonen is like a worker's
dream". Halonen said she approves the flyers.
A
study analyzed newspaper articles and concluded that the main newspaper
Helsingin Sanomat produced almost exclusively positive tone stories
about Halonen and much more negative tone articles about candidates
Niinistö, Vanhanen and Hautala. American talk show host Conan O'Brien made jokes about Halonen because of his own resemblance to her. He
endorsed Halonen and produced humorous mock campaign ads and attack ads
against her opponents. He went as far as visiting Finland and meeting
Halonen. On
19 November, the SDP's party council meeting was held; praised as "the
president of the whole nation", she was unanimously chosen as the
presidential candidate. Shortly thereafter, the party council of the
Left Alliance gave the party's official support to Halonen. Halonen's received 46% of the first round vote in the election. Sauli Niinistö (of the National Coalition Party)
was second with 24%. They faced each other in a runoff on 29 January
2006, where Halonen was re-elected with 51.8% of the vote against Mr.
Niinistö's 48.2%. The re-election was a close call. She led in the
advance voting, but she eventually received fewer votes on the actual voting day than Mr. Niinistö did. In
2008, Halonen nominated SDP-affiliated Ritva Viljanen for a second term
in the Interior Ministry. The Council of State had nominated Ilkka
Laitinen, who was unambiguously seen as the most competent candidate.
During the past 50 years, only once the President has not obeyed the
Council of State consensus and Halonen was accused of cronyism. In
September 2008, Halonen was perceived to insult Estonia by saying that
the Estonians suffer from "post-Soviet stress condition". Estonian
President Toomas Hendrik Ilves commented
on the issue, saying that "Estonia has never condemned, and will not
condemn foreign affairs decisions of another EU country. It neither
will assess psychiatric state of other EU countries". In 2009, Halonen rejected calls to apologize for Finland's attitude towards Estonian independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Early
in her political career Halonen represented the far left wing of her
former party (Social Democrat). She publicly opposed the proposed free
trade agreement of the European Economic Community (EEC, later European
Union) in 1973, by signing a petition along with 500 other more-or-less
prominent social democrats and socialists. As an employee of the Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions, Halonen advocated diplomatic recognition of the German Democratic Republic. Otherwise she was loyal to President Kekkonen's foreign policy, which was founded on Finnish neutrality and good relations with the Soviet Union. Throughout her political career, Halonen has described herself as supporter of international solidarity. She describes herself as a "relative pacifist",
meaning that she doesn't support unilateral disarmament. She has
strongly defended the President's role as the commander in chief of the
military. She opposes NATO membership.
Her strong stands on these issues have characterised her presidential
term and shaped Finnish foreign policy, in part in cooperation with the
like-minded former Minister for Foreign Affairs, Erkki Tuomioja. Halonen has publicly supported SAK involvement in politics. The
Constitution of Finland and Halonen's decision to take part in some
European Union meetings with the Prime Minister has created the
so-called "problem of two dinner plates" in Finland. Rumors
have circulated about Halonen insulting and bullying servants and other
SDP members, who have anonymously described these alleged incidents. President
Halonen says her interests include art history, the theatre and
swimming. Halonen had two cats as of 2005. She says she speaks Finnish,
Swedish, and English, and is studying Estonian. On 26 August 2000, President Halonen married her longtime partner, Dr Pentti Arajärvi, in a civil ceremony at her official residence, Mäntyniemi,
after a relationship of more than fifteen years. Halonen's adult
daughter Anna, and Arajärvi's adult son, Esko, acted as witnesses. Both children are from previous relationships. In the 1960s, she left the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland,
to which the majority of Finns belong, to protest against its policy of
taxing church members, and its stance against female priests. Today,
the church accepts women as priests, and Halonen has stated that she
has no personal reason not to return to the church but refrains from
doing so in order not to give a signal that might be misinterpreted. In 1990's, Halonen acted as the chairman of Suomen setlementtiliitto, a Christian social work organization. In 1980–1981 Halonen served as the chairman of SETA (Seksuaalinen Tasavertaisuus RY, Sexual Equality), the main LGBT rights organization in Finland. When she became Minister for Justice in 1990, there were high hopes among SETA members that she would stand up for gay rights. In 2003, a widely publicised incident occurred when member of parliament Tony Halme referred
to Tarja Halonen as a lesbian. In a radio interview, Halme referred to
his background of growing up "in the streets", and said: "We have a
lesbian as president and me as parliamentarian. Everything seems
possible." Although
Halme intended to refer to social mobility with his comment, it was
interpreted as an insult by much of the media. Halonen herself made no
comment. Halme later apologized saying he had been misunderstood. According to her authorized biography published in 2005, Halonen is critical of some unnamed members of the Finnish civil service for being gay or lesbian and not coming out and campaigning for sexual equality. She accused these closeted homosexuals of reaping the benefits of other people's work for sexual equality without contributing themselves. |