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Sir Henry Parkes, GCMG (27 May 1815 – 27 April 1896) was an Australian statesman, the "Father of Federation." As the earliest advocate of a Federal Council of the colonies of Australia, a precursor to the Federation of Australia, he is generally considered the most prominent of the Australian Founding Fathers. Parkes was described during his lifetime by The Times as "the most commanding figure in Australian politics". Alfred Deakin described him as "though not rich or versatile, his personality was massive, durable and imposing, resting upon elementary qualities of human nature elevated by a strong mind. He was cast in the mould of a great man and though he suffered from numerous pettinesses, spites and failings, he was in himself a large-brained self-educated Titan whose natural field was found in Parliament and whose resources of character and intellect enabled him in his later years to overshadow all his contemporaries". Parkes
was tall, rugged in features, commanding in personality. He was a fine
orator who eschewed flights of rhetoric and spoke as a plain man to
plain men, with great effect, in spite of occasional difficulties in
controlling his aspirates.
He had no schooling worthy of the name but had read widely. It has been
said of him that he lacked gracious manners and was too conscious of
his superiority, but his kindly reception by the Carlyles and Tennyson
suggests that he was not without charm. He was interested in early
Australian literary men, having been a friend of both Harpur and Kendall. He was a bad manager of his own affairs; what he had he spent, and he died penniless. Yet
he evidently knew a good financier when he saw him, for he had able
treasurers in his cabinets and their financial administration was good.
He was vain and temperamental, and frequently resigned his
parliamentary seat only to seek election again soon afterwards. He was
not a socialist but he had strong views about the rights of the people
and for most of his parliamentary life was a great leader of them. In
his later years, however, he seems to have been worn down by the strong
conservative opposition he encountered, and he was responsible for less
social legislation than might have been expected. Early to recognise
the need for federation, when he saw that it had really become possible
he fought strongly for it, when many leading politicians in New South
Wales were fearful of its effect on their colony. His indomitable
character which had raised him from a farm labourer to premier of his
colony, and his recognition of the broader view that was required in a
great movement like federation, had an immense effect when its fate was
in doubt, and turned the scale in its favour. Parkes was born in Canley, Warwickshire (now a suburb of Coventry), England to yeoman parents, and christened in the nearby village of Stoneleigh.
His father, Thomas Parkes, was a small-scale tenant farmer. Of his
mother little is known, but when she died in 1842 Parkes could say of
her that he felt as if a portion of this world's beauty was lost to him
for ever. He received little schooling, and at an early age was working
on a rope-walk for four pence a day. His next work was in a brickyard,
and later on he tells us he "was breaking stones on the Queen's highway with hardly enough clothing to protect me from the cold". He was then apprenticed to John Holding, a bone and ivory turner at Birmingham,
and probably about the year 1832 joined the Birmingham political union.
Between that year and 1838 he was associated in the political movements
that were then endeavouring to better the conditions of the working
classes. He
was steadily educating himself with much reading, including the British
poets, and in 1835 addressed some verses, afterwards included in his
first volume of poems, to Clarinda Varney, the daughter of a local
butler. On 11 July 1836 he married Clarinda Varney and went to live in
a single room. Parkes commenced business on his own account in
Birmingham and had a bitter struggle. Following the death of their two children at an early age and a few unsuccessful weeks spent in London, Parkes and his wife emigrated to New South Wales on an assisted passage. They travelled aboard the Strathfieldsaye, which arrived at Sydney on
25 July 1839. Another child had been born two days before. During his
first fortnight in Sydney, Parkes looked vainly for work. He and his
wife had only a few shillings when they arrived, and they existed for a
time by selling their belongings. Parkes was then hired as a labourer
by one of the colony's wealthiest settlers, Sir John Jamison. He worked on Sir John's impressive Regentville estate, near Penrith, for a wage of £25
a year and a ration and a half of food. This ration consisted mainly of
rice, flour and sugar, for the meat was sometimes unfit to eat. After
spending six months at Regentville, he returned to Sydney and obtained
work at low wages, first in an ironmongery store and then with a firm
of engineers and brass-founders. About a year after his arrival in Sydney, Parkes was engaged by the New South Wales Customs Department
as a Tide Waiter, and given the task of inspecting merchant vessels to
guard against the smuggling of contraband. He had been recommended for
this responsible post by Sir John Jamison's son-in-law and manager at
Regentville, William John Gibbes, who was the offspring of the
Collector of Customs for New South Wales, Colonel John George Nathaniel Gibbes.
Parkes' financial position improved due to his stable new government
job, even though he was still burdened with a backlog of undischarged
debts. He nonetheless abandoned the security of his employment with the
Customs Department at the beginning of 1846, submitting his resignation
after a disagreement with Colonel Gibbes over a press leak that
concerned the alleged behaviour of one of Parkes' co-workers.
Irrespective of this rupture, Parkes would continue to remain on
friendly terms with the Colonel and his descendants for the rest of his
life. (Colonel Gibbes' grandson, Frederick Jamison Gibbes, for example,
entered the NSW Parliament in the 1880s, and despite certain
differences with Parkes over economic policy, proved to be an
undeviating supporter of Parkes' push for the federation of the rival
Australian colonies into an homogenous nation.) Parkes seems to have
had few close friends during the early 1840s. Yet, when his volume of
verse, Stolen Moments,
was published in Sydney in 1842, the list of subscribers included many
of the most distinguished people in the colony (including Colonel
Gibbes, to whom the poetry book was dedicated). About this time he met Charles Harpur and William Duncan, then editor of the Weekly Register; he mentions in his Fifty Years of Australian History that these men were his "chief advisers in matters of intellectual resource". He
embarked on a career in the private sector, operating from commercial
premises in Kent Street as an ivory and bone turner. He afterwards
moved to a shop in Hunter Street where he kept a stock of
writing-desks, dressing-cases, fancy baskets, ornaments and toys. At
one stage, he owned several newspapers including The People's Advocate and New South Wales Vindicator and The Empire; but his lack of business acumen quickly became apparent and Parkes went
bankrupt after running up debts totalling £48,500. He was a keen
supporter of Australian culture and often published poetry in his
newspapers. Parkes
started to take an interest in the public proceedings of the colony and
the burning question of the day, namely, the stoppage of convict
transportation. Self-government was another important question, the
first step having been made in 1843 when the new Legislative Council was
appointed consisting partly of nominated and partly of elected members,
and the powers of the governor were much restricted. The third question
was the land laws over which the struggle was to last for many years.
Parkes began writing for the Atlas and the People's Advocate, but it was not until 1848 that he first began to speak in public. In that year Robert Lowe, 1st Viscount Sherbrooke, was a candidate for the representation of Sydney as the champion of the anti-transportation cause.
He became a member of his committee, was appointed one of his
secretaries, and wrote the address to the electors which helped to
secure Lowe's return. This was the beginning of Parkes's political
career. In
1849, Parkes was active at a meeting got up to petition both houses of
parliament for a reduction of the suffrage qualifications. He made his
first political speech, and advocated universal suffrage, which was not
to come for many years. Parkes thought his own speech a very weak
performance. As a result of the petition the qualification was reduced
to £10 household and £100 freehold. The transportation
question was raised again by the arrival of the convict ship Hashemy on 8 June 1849. Despite the pouring rain a huge public meeting was held on Circular Quay protesting
against transportation, and the agitation was kept up until success was
achieved in 1852. At the various meetings held Parkes spoke continually
and also aided the cause by his writings in the press. During December 1850 he established the Empire newspaper,
at first only a broadsheet published weekly, but it soon became a
daily. Parkes as editor was strong in his loyalty to the British
empire, but felt that an honest independent journal that would not be
blind to the faults of the government could do a very useful work. It
so happened that the governor, Sir Charles Augustus FitzRoy,
had neither the ability nor the industry of his predecessors, and the
Empire's vigorous articles did not hesitate to point out his
shortcomings nor those of the men surrounding him. Parkes as editor and
proprietor became a figure of great importance, and while he had
control of this paper he worked unceasingly in writing articles,
procuring news, and managing the business side of the paper. It would
indeed have been better if he could have employed a manager for he
never became a good businessman. In his paper he fought for a new constitution, and on the platform spoke strenuously against the views of William Charles Wentworth.
In 1853, Wentworth obtained the appointment of a sub-committee which
brought forward a scheme for a constitution that was hotly debated in
August of that year and carried by 33 votes to eight. Parkes has,
however, pointed out that the minority represented the party to be
created by the bill, and destined to rule the country. Long years after
he was able to say that, "in
the heated opposition to the objectionable parts of Mr Wentworth's
scheme, no sufficient attention was given to its great merits". Wentworth
went to England to support the bill in its passage through parliament
in 1854, and resigned his seat as a representative of Sydney. Charles
Kemp and Parkes were nominated for the vacancy and the latter was
successful by 1427 votes to 779. Parkes in his speeches advocated the
extension of the power of the people, increased facilities for
education, and a bold railway policy. Parkes
began his political career very quietly. He was with the minority in
the legislative council and they could afford to bide their time until
the new constitution came in. His work at the Empire office was very
heavy, and in December 1855 he announced his intention of retiring from
parliament. He was persuaded to alter his mind, and a month later
became one of the liberal candidates for Sydney (City) in the Legislative Assembly. The
first parliament was opened on 22 May 1856 and for some months little
was done. Ministry after ministry was formed, only to disappear in a
few weeks. Parkes was once offered office but declined as he felt he
would be deserting his friends. The Empire was not paying its way in
spite of its reputation, and if it were to be saved Parkes would have
to give his whole time to it. About the end of 1856 he resigned his
seat. Considering the short period he had been in parliament the
response was remarkable. The press and public men of the period united
in deploring his loss, and more than one effort was made to start a
testimonial for him, but he resolutely declined to accept one. It is
clear that his sincerity and power had made a great impression on the
community. He put all his energies into an attempt to save his paper.
there was no limit to the number of hours he worked in each day, but he
was unsuccessful. The liabilities of the paper amounted to fully
£50,000 and, though his friends rallied round him and tried to
ease the situation by advancing the sum required to pay off a mortgage
of £11,000 in 1858, the position became hopeless. Early in that year, Parkes had entered the legislative assembly again as member for the North Riding of Cumberland. An interesting sidelight on his growing reputation is the fact that before this election (Sir) Charles Gavan Duffy wrote
to a friend in Sydney, urging the desirability of Parkes' being
elected. With remarkable prescience, he said: "I am confident that 10
years hence, and I do not doubt that 10 generations hence, the name
which will best personify the national spirit of New South Wales in
this era will be the name of Henry Parkes". Parkes sat in this
parliament for about six months and then resigned at the end of August
1858 on account of his insolvency. His liabilities were estimated at
£50,000 and his assets at £48,500. On the literary side the Empire was
an excellent paper, but only a man of great business ability could have
made a financial success of it at this period. The issuing of a
certificate of insolvency was bitterly opposed and the proceedings were
long drawn out. It is evident that Parkes had resorted to the usual
shifts of a man in financial difficulties, but it was shown that, in
some cases at least, he had acted under the advice of his banker, and
he was ultimately exonerated by the chief commissioner in insolvency of
any fraudulent intent. Relieved of his heavy work on the Empire, which was continued in other hands, Parkes stood for parliament and was elected for East Sydney on
10 June 1859. He stood as an independent candidate but in the list of
candidates elected he was described by the Sydney Morning Herald as a
"radical". He was generally in favour of Sir John Robertson's land
policy, of the extension of education, and of free trade. He was not a
bigoted freetrader as he was as strongly in favour of developing
manufactures as he was of encouraging agriculture. He was a strong
supporter of free trade,
immigration programmes and education reforms. He introduced laws that
gave the Government the power to employ teachers and create public
schools, abolished government funding to religious schools and improved prisons. Parkes also believed in immigration, and his well-known powers as an orator led to his being sent to England with W. B. Dalley as
commissioners of emigration at a salary of £1000 a year each in
May 1861. Parkes left his wife and five, soon to become six, children
in poverty, on a rented farm at Werrington. Their
duties were confined to diffusing information, and Parkes spoke at
about 60 meetings at towns in the west and north of England and in
Scotland. He felt that he had done good work, but it was difficult to
say how much effect his words had. During the 14 months he was in
England he met many interesting people, and became in particular
friendly with Carlyle and his wife. He returned to Australia in January
1863. In August he opposed J. B. Darvall at East Maitland and was defeated; but in the following year, was elected for Kiama. In January 1866 the premier, Charles Cowper,
resigned in consequence of an amendment moved by Parkes having been
carried. Strictly speaking the governor should have asked Parkes
whether he could form a government, but Sir James Martin was
sent for and Parkes was given the position of colonial secretary. This
ministry remained in office for nearly three years, from January 1866
to October 1868. An important piece of legislation carried through was
the Public Schools Act 1866, introduced by Parkes, of which an
essential part was that no man or woman would be allowed to act as a
teacher who had not been properly trained in teaching. Provision was
also made for the training of teachers, and the act marked a great
advance in educational methods. A council of education was formed, and
for the first four years after the passing of the act Parkes filled the
office of president. In spite of the fears of some of the religious
bodies the act worked well, and many new schools were established all
over the colony. Parkes also initiated the introduction of nurses from England trained by Florence Nightingale. In 1867 to 1868 Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh (Queen
Victoria's second oldest son) visited the Australian colonies. On 12
March 1868 the Duke, while attending a picnic at Clontarf near Sydney,
was shot in the back by one Henry James O'Farrell. The assassin was Irish, and at the time claimed he was a Fenian.
The wound while painful was not fatal. However the Colonial Government
over-reacted, and despite the Duke's requests for lienency it executed
O'Farrell. O'Farrell had, in the meantime, admitted he was not really a
member of the Fenians, but by the time of the execution other acts of
violence connected with the Fenians (most notably the murder of D'Arcy McGee in
Canada) spurred anti-Fenian and anti-Irish Catholic feelings. Parkes,
in what may have been the most egregious blunder of his career, pushed
this anti-Fenianism full throttle. For awhile his claims of a vast
Fenian conspiracy in New South Wales was believed, but when nothing
further occurred public opinion began to reverse and he was attacked.
As a result his political position weakened dreadfully. He
resigned from the Martin ministry in September 1868, and for the next
three and a half years was out of office. In the first year of the
Robertson government he moved a want-of-confidence motion which was
defeated by four votes. Parkes continued to be one of the most
conspicuous figures in the house, and at the 1869 election was returned
at the head of the poll for East Sydney. A much larger proportion of
assisted Irish immigrants than English or Scotch had been arriving in
the colony for many years and Parkes felt there was an element of
danger in this. He stated that he had no feeling against the Irish or
their religion, but his protestations were without avail and the Irish
section of the community became hostile to him. Whatever may have been
the merits of the question it would appear that in this matter Parkes
put convictions before policy. In
1870 Henry Parkes was again in financial difficulties and was obliged
to resign his seat. He had been in business as a merchant in a
comparatively large way, and when declared insolvent he had liabilities
of £32,000 and assets of £13,300. He was at once re-elected
for Kiama, but an extremely hostile article in the Sydney Morning
Herald led to his resigning again. The suggestion had been made that
his presence in the assembly while in the insolvency court might
influence the officials. It was not until December 1871 that a seat
could be found for him and he was then elected at a by-election for Mudgee. The Martin-Robertson ministry had involved itself in a petty squabble with the colony of Victoria over
a question of border duties, and Parkes effectively threw ridicule on
the proceedings. When parliament met the government was defeated and a
dissolution was granted. In the general election which followed Parkes
was generally recognized as the leader of the people's party, and the
ministry was defeated at the polls. When parliament assembled Parkes
was elected leader of the opposition, representing East Sydney. The acting-governor had sent for William Forster before
parliament met, but he was unable to form a ministry, and in May 1872
Parkes formed his first ministry which was to last for nearly three
years. Parkes
had always been a free-trader and no doubt his convictions were
strengthened when in England by contact with Cobden and other leading
free traders. During his first administration he so reduced the duties
in New South Wales that practically it became a free trade colony.
Generally there was a forward policy. Railway and telegraph lines were
much extended, and at the same time there was some reduction in
taxation. In 1873 the retirement of Sir Alfred Stephen,
the Chief Justice, led to an incident which raised much feeling against
Parkes. It seems clear that Parkes at first encouraged his
Attorney-General, E. Butler, to believe that he would be appointed
Chief Justice of New South Wales. Opposition developed in many quarters
and Parkes gradually realised that Sir James Martin was generally
considered to be the most suitable man available, and offered him the
position. When the announcement of his appointment was made on 11
November 1873, Butler took the opportunity to make a statement, read
publicly the correspondence between Parkes and himself, and resigned
his seat in the cabinet. However much Parkes may have been to blame for
his early encouragement of the aspirations of his colleague, there
appears to be no truth in the suggestion then made that he had, by
appointing Martin, found means of getting rid of a formidable political
opponent. The
ministry went on its way though unable to pass bills to make the Upper
House elective and to amend the electoral law. The council was jealous
of its position and succeeded in maintaining it for the time being. Two
or three unsuccessful attempts were made to oust the government, but in February 1875, Governor Robinson's decision to release of the bushranger Frank Gardiner led to the defeat of the ministry. Subsequent discussions between Robinson, Parkes and the Colonial Office clarified the governor's responsibilities in pardoning prisoners. When
Parkes was defeated Robertson came into power, and for the next two
years little was done of real importance. Parkes became tired of his
position as leader of the opposition and resigned early in 1877. In
March the Robertson ministry was defeated and Parkes formed one which
lasted five months. The parties were equally divided and business was
sometimes at a standstill. Parkes said of this ministry that it had "as
smooth a time as the toad under the harrow". Robertson returned to the
Premiership from August to December 1877, including an election in
October. Parkes was returned for Canterbury. James Squire Farnell then
formed a stop-gap ministry which existed for a year from December 1877
to December 1878. In the middle of this year Parkes made a tour of the
western districts of the colony speaking at many country centres. This
gave him many opportunities of criticizing the government then in
power. At the end of the year it was defeated, but the situation was
still obscure, because the parties led by Robertson and Parkes were
nearly equal. Robertson
tried to form a government but failed, and tired of the unsatisfactory
position which he was confronted with, resigned his seat in the
Legislative Assembly. He was then approached by Parkes, and a
government was formed with Robertson as vice-president of the Executive
Council and representative of the government in the Upper House. The
combination was unexpected, as each leader had frequently denounced the
other; but everyone was glad to escape from the confusion of the
preceding years, and the ministry did good work in its four years of
office. It amended the electoral law, brought in a new education act,
improved the water-supply and sewerage systems, appointed stipendiary
magistrates, regulated the liability of employers with regard to
injuries to workmen, and made law other useful acts. In the 1880
election Parkes was returned for St Leonards. When
the Parkes Government left office there was a large surplus in the
New South Wales Treasury. Towards the end of 1881 Parkes was in bad
health. He still kept up his habit of working long hours, and except
for week-end visits to his house in the mountains he had no relaxation.
It was suggested that a grant should be made by Parliament to enable
him to go away on a voyage, but he declined to allow this to be brought
forward. He also vetoed a suggestion that a substantial testimonial
should be presented to him by his friends. Parkes
decided to visit England at his own expense, and at a banquet given by
the citizens just before sailing, he drew a picture of what he hoped to
do in the coming years. He was never able to carry it out but at
least he had the vision to see what was needed. He stayed in America
for about six weeks on his way to Europe and did his best to make
Australia better known. In England he was received as an honoured
guest, and while everywhere he insisted on the desirability of
preserving the ties between England and her colonies, he asked always
that they should be allowed to work out their own salvation; "the
softer the cords" he said "the stronger will be the union between us".
Among the friends he made in England was Tennyson,
and Lord Leigh, being aware that Parkes had been born at Stoneleigh,
invited him to stay at Stoneleigh Abbey. Parkes was much interested to
see again the farmhouse in which he was born and the church in which he
was christened. On his way home he visited Melbourne where he was given a banquet on 15 August 1882. Two days later he was back in Sydney. When
Parkes returned the government was apparently in no danger, but there
was a general feeling that an amendment of the land laws was necessary.
Far too much of the land was falling into the hands of the large
graziers and dummying was a common practice. As far back as 1877 Parkes
had realized that the land laws were not working well, and Robertson's
bill only proposed comparatively unimportant amendments. Robertson,
however, was a strong man in the cabinet and Parkes unwisely took the
line of least resistance. The ministry was defeated, a dissolution was
obtained, and at the election the party was not only defeated, Parkes
lost his own seat at East Sydney. Another constituency, Tenterfield,
was found for him but he took little interest in politics for some
time. He went to England as representative of a Sydney financial
company and did not return until August 1884, having been absent 14
months. In November, he resigned his seat and announced his retirement
from politics. He was now in his seventieth year. He opened an office in Pitt Street as
representative of the financial association which had sent him to
England, and remained in this position until 1887. He could not,
however, keep long away from politics. At the beginning of 1885 W. B.
Dalley, while acting-premier, offered a contingent of troops to go to
the Sudan and the offer was accepted. Parkes strongly disapproved and, though public opinion was against him, on 31 March he won Argyle.
When he took his seat in September objection was taken to claims of
parliamentary corruption he had made when resigning from Parliament in
1894, and Sir Alexander Stuart moved
a resolution affirming that the words he had used were a gross libel on
the house. His motion was carried by four votes and Parkes was quite
unrepentant, but the ministry did not dare go any farther. One of the
supporters of the ministry moved that Parkes should be expelled but
only obtained the support of his seconder. In October 1885 parliament was dissolved, the government was reconstructed and George Dibbs became
Premier of New South Wales. At the election Parkes stood against Dibbs
at St Leonards, and defeated him by 476 votes. It was, however, pointed
out that this success was due not a little to Parkes's advocacy of a
bridge across the harbour, and a railway line going inland from North
Shore. The ministry was defeated and was succeeded by a Robertson
ministry which lasted only two months. The next ministry, under Sir Patrick Jennings,
had a life of nine months but was defeated in January 1887. In the
meantime Robertson had retired from politics and Parkes, as leader of
the opposition, formed a ministry and obtained a dissolution. He fought
a strenuous campaign pointing out that in the four years since he was
last in office the public debt had more than doubled and the surplus of
£2,000,000 had become a deficit of £2,500,000. He proposed
to do away with the recent increase in duties, to bring in an amended
land act, and to create a body to control the railways free of
political influence. Parkes had made enemies in various directions, but
generally his personal popularity was great. His speeches, not always
free from personal attacks, were received with enthusiasm, and his
party was returned with a two to one majority. When parliament met free
trade was soon restored and there was a well-meant but abortive inquiry
into the state of the civil service. The
question of Chinese immigration was much before the public in
Australia, and Parkes was opposed to their coming, but not as his
biographer asserts because he considered them to be an inferior race.
Indeed, some years before he had said of them: "They are a superior set
of people . . . a nation of an old and deep-rooted civilization. . . .
It is because I believe the Chinese to be a powerful race capable of
taking a great hold upon the country, and because I want to preserve
the type of my own nation . . . that I am and always have been opposed
to the influx of Chinese." In spite of some discouragement from the
British Government he succeeded in passing an act of parliament which
raised the entrance tax to £100 per head. Though
Parkes was personally opposed to it, a payment of members act was
passed, and two important and valuable measures, the Government
Railways Act and the Public Works Act both became law. The
government, however, was defeated on allegations that W. M. Fehon, whom
he had appointed a rail commissioner, was corrupt. Parkes wife had died
in February 1888. A year later he married Eleanor Dixon, which was
considered hasty.
At
the ensuing election Parkes was returned with a small majority and
formed his fifth administration, which came in in March 1889 and lasted
until October 1891. As far back as 1867 Parkes at an intercolonial
conference had said: "I think the time has arrived when these colonies should be united by some federal bond of connexion." Shortly
afterwards a bill to establish the proposed federal council was
introduced by him and passed through both the New South Wales houses.
This was afterwards shelved by the action of the Secretary of State for
the Colonies. Various other conferences were held in the next 20 years
at which the question came up, in which Parkes took a leading part, but
in October 1884 he was blowing cold and suggesting that it would be
"better to let the idea of federation mature in men's minds", and New
South Wales then stood out of the proposed federal council scheme. In
October 1889 a report on the defences of Australia suggested among
other things the federation of the forces of all the Australian
colonies and a uniform gauge for railways. Parkes had come to the
conclusion that the time had come for a new federal movement. He
now felt more confidence in the movement and on 15 October 1889
telegraphed to the premiers of the other colonies suggesting a
conference.
On 24 October 1889, at the Tenterfield School of Arts, Parkes delivered the Tenterfield Oration.
The oration was seen as a clarion call to federalists and he called for
a convention "to devise the constitution which would be necessary for
bringing into existence a federal government with a federal parliament
for the conduct of national undertaking". Parkes convened the 1890 Federation Conference of
February 1890 and may be considered the first real step towards
Federation. In May he moved resolutions in the assembly approving of
the proceedings of the conference that had just been held in Melbourne,
and appointing himself and three other members delegates to the Sydney 1891 National Australasian Convention.
On 18 May he broke his leg and was laid up for some time. It was 14
weeks before he was able to be assisted to his seat in the house. When
the convention met on 2 March 1891 Parkes was appointed president "not only as the Premier of the colony where the convention sat, but also as the immediate author of the present movement".
The next business was the debating of a series of resolutions proposed
by Parkes as a preliminary interchange of ideas and a laying down of
guiding principles. It was at this convention that the first draft of a
bill to constitute the Commonwealth of Australia was framed. Parkes
proposed the name of Commonwealth of Australia for the new nation. When it was about to be submitted to the New South Wales assembly Reid on
the address-in-reply moved an amendment hostile to the bill. Parkes
then announced that in view of Reid's amendment he proposed to put the
federal bill third on the list. Dibbs moved a vote of no confidence, defeated only on the casting vote of the speaker, and Parkes resigned on 22 October 1891. Parkes
was now in his 77th year and his political career had practically
ended. He was never to be in office again, and it was a blow to him
that when he notified his supporters that he did not desire the
position of the leader of the opposition, Reid was elected to lead his
party. After that Parkes became practically an independent member. In
1895 he opposed Reid at the general election for Sydney-King and
was unsuccessful by 140 votes. He had fought Reid because he felt that
the question of federation was being neglected by the government, but
Reid was too popular in his constituency to be defeated. Parkes's
second wife died in the course of the election and he had many other
anxieties. In 1887 a sum of £9000 had been collected by his
friends and placed in the hands of trustees for investment. From this
fund he had been receiving an income of over £500 a year, but the
financial crisis of 1893 reduced this to little more than £200.
Parkes was obliged to sell his collection of autograph letters and many
other things that he valued, to provide for his household. A movement
was made in December 1895 to obtain a grant for him from the government
but nothing had been done when he fell ill in April 1896 and died in
poverty on the twenty-seventh of that month. While
the last ten years of his life were his most influential politically,
Parkes faced immense personal turmoil following the death of his first
wife, Clarinda Varney. He remarried quickly to Eleanor Dixon and they
had two more children. Dixon soon died and Parkes remarried yet again,
this time to Julia Lynch. Towards the end of his life he lived in
Kenilworth, a Gothic mansion in Johnston Street, Annandale, a Sydney suburb. He died of natural causes while living there on
27 April 1896, five years before Australia became a federation on 1
January 1901, having established the political directions for the new
country. Parkes had left directions that his funeral should be as
simple as possible, but though a state funeral was declined, a very
large number of people attended when he was placed by the side of his
first wife at Faulconbridge, in the grounds of his former home in the
Blue Mountains. His portrait by the artist Julian Ashton is in a public collection in Sydney. Parkes was created Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in
1877 and Knight Grand Cross of the same order in 1888. His image
appears on the Australian one-dollar coin of 1996; and on the Centenary
of Federation commemoration Australian $5 note issued in 2001. The suburb of Parkes and the road Parkes Way in Canberra is named after him as well as the important rural town of Parkes, in central New South Wales. He is also commemorated in Canley, Coventry, by the naming of a road and a primary school. Canley railway station also commemorates the link with Sir Henry Parkes with Australian-themed decor. |