September 02, 2010 <Back to Index>
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Louis Napoléon Bonaparte, Prince Français, King of Holland, Comte de Saint-Leu (September 2, 1778 – July 25, 1846) was the fifth surviving child and the fourth surviving son of Carlo Buonaparte and Letizia Ramolino. His brother and third son were the first and last emperors of France, Napoleon I, and Napoleon III. Louis was born Luigi Buonaparte in Ajaccio, Corsica. He was a younger brother of Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon I of France, Lucien Bonaparte, and Elisa Bonaparte, and the older brother of Pauline Bonaparte, Caroline Bonaparte, and Jérôme Bonaparte. Louis Bonapart's early career was spent in the Army, and he served with Napoleon in Egypt. Thanks to his older brother, Napoleon, Louis was a General by the age of 25, although he himself felt that he had risen too high in too short a time. Upon Louis's return to France, he was involved in Napoleon's plot to overthrow the Directory. After becoming the First Consul, Napoleon arranged for a marriage between Louis and Hortense de Beauharnais, the daughter of Empress Josephine, and hence Napoleon's stepdaughter. Hortense, who was opposed to the marriage at first, was persuaded by her mother to marry Louis for the sake of the family, and she did so. Louis supposedly had a poor mental condition at times, and supposedly suffered from periods of mental illness. Louis's "poor mental condition" may have been periods of depression caused by trying to hide his homosexuality or bisexuality. These periods of depression or mental instability (records fail to distinguish) would plague Louis, and consequently Napoleon, until his death. Napoleon made him the King of Holland on
June 5, 1806. Though the older brother, Napoleon, had intended for the
younger brother to be little more than a French governor of Holland,
Louis took his duties as the King seriously, calling himself Koning Lodewijk I (adopting the Dutch form of his name), attempting to learn the Dutch language,
and trying hard to be a responsible, independent ruler of Holland.
Allegedly, when he first arrived in Holland, he told the people he was
the Konijn van 'Olland ("rabbit
of 'Olland"), rather than "Koning van Holland" ("King of Holland"),
because his Dutch was not very good by then. However, his attempt at
speaking the Dutch language earned him some respect from his subjects. While in Holland, Louis Bonaparte declared that he was Dutch and renounced his French citizenship.
Louis also forced his court and ministers (mostly provided by Napoleon)
to speak only Dutch, and also to renounce their French Citizenships.
This latter was too much for his wife Hortense who, in France at the time of his demands, refused his request. Louis
could never settle on the location for his capital city while he was in
Holland. He changed capitals over a dozen times, trying Amsterdam, the Hague, Rotterdam,
and other places. On one occasion, after visiting the home of a wealthy
Dutch merchant, he liked the place so much that he had the owner
evicted so he could take up residence there. Then, Louis moved again
after seven weeks. His constant moving kept the court in upheaval since
they had to follow him everywhere. The European diplomatic corps went so far as to petition Bonaparte to remain in one place so they could
keep up with him. This restlessness was later attributed to his alleged
"lunacy". Hortense bore Louis's sons Napoleon Charles Bonaparte and Napoleon Louis Bonaparte in
Paris, while Louis was in Holland. In 1806, Louis called for his son to be sent to him in Holland, but he was again refused by
Hortense, who believed that her son would never be returned to France.
When Louis appealed to his brother Napoleon for help, Napoleon sided
with Hortense. Napoleon kept the boy in his own court, and he even had
him named the heir to the French throne prior to the birth of his own
son. Two
major tragedies occurred during the reign of Louis Bonaparte: the
explosion of a cargo ship loadeded with gunpowder in the heart of the
city of Leiden in
1807, and a major flood in Holland in 1809. In both instances, Louis
personally and effectively oversaw local relief efforts, which helped
earn him the moniker of Louis the Good. Louis Bonaparte's reign of the Netherlands was
short-lived, however, which was due to two factors. The first was that
Napoleon wanted to reduce the value of French loans from Dutch
investors by two-thirds, meaning a serious economic blow to the
Netherlands. The second factor was the one that became the pretext for
Napoleon's demand of Louis's abdication. As Napoleon was preparing an
army for his invasion of Russia,
he wanted troops from the entire region under his control, the allied
border countries. This included troops from the Netherlands. Louis,
confronted by his brother's demand, refused point-blank. Napoleon then
accused Louis of putting Dutch interests above those of France, and
removed most of the French forces in Holland for the coming war in the
east, leaving only about 9,000 garrison soldiers in the country.
Unfortunately for Louis, the English landed an army of 40,000 in 1808 in an attempt to capture Antwerp and Flushing.
With Louis unable to defend his realm, France sent 80,000 militiamen
and successfully repelled the invasion. Napoleon then suggested that
Louis should abdicate, citing Louis's inability to protect Holland as a
reason. Louis refused. Napoleon finally forcibly removed Louis from the
Dutch throne and annexed the entire Kingdom of Holland on 1 July 1810. Louis Bonaparte also had been made the Count of Saint-Leu. He was appointed as the Constable of France in 1808, a strictly honorary title. After
his Dutch kingdom was taken away from him, Louis remained in Holland
for nearly three years, and he turned to writing and poetry. Louis
wrote to Napoleon after the latter's defeat in Russia to request that
the Dutch throne be restored to him. However, Napoleon refused. Louis
finally returned to France in 1813, where he remained for the rest of
his life. After the deaths of both Napoleon Bonaparte in 1821, and of his eldest brother Joseph in 1844, Louis was seen by the Bonapartists as
the rightful Emperor of the French, although Louis took little action
himself to advance the claim. (Louis's son and heir, the future Emperor Napoleon III, on the other hand, was at that time being imprisoned in France for having tried to engineer a Bonapartist coup d'état.) Louis Bonaparte died on July 25, 1846, and his remains were buried at Saint-Leu-la-Forêt, Île-de-France. Louis was married on January 4, 1802, to Hortense de Beauharnais, the daughter of the deceased general Alexandre, Vicomte de Beauharnais and his wife Josephine Tascher de la Pagerie. Josephine was the first wife of Louis's brother Napoleon. Thus Hortense was also Louis's step-niece. This
marriage had been forced upon them and was rather loveless, though they
supposedly consummated it often enough to produce three sons. As a
rule, the Bonapartes, with the exception of Napoleon, loathed the
Beauharnais. Hortense also certainly had extra-marital lovers. Hortense
de Beauharnais gave birth to three sons which were officially claimed
by Louis Bonaparte, despite his own doubts about their paternity: Louis Bonaparte was also supposedly the father of an illegitimate son, François de Castelvecchio, (26 April 1826 – 29 May 1869). He was born in Rome, Italy and died in Rennes. |