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Ahmed Sékou Touré (var. Ahmen Seku Ture) (January 9, 1922 – March 26, 1984) was an African political leader and President of Guinea from 1958 to his death in 1984. Touré was one of the primary Guinean nationalists involved in the liberation of the country from France. Sékou Touré was born on January 9, 1922, into a poor Mandinka family in Faranah, French Guinea, while a colonial possession of France. He was a member of the Mandinka ethnic group and was the great-grandson of the famous Samory Touré, who had resisted French rule until his capture. Touré's
early life was characterized by challenges of authority, including
during his education. Touré was obliged to work to take care of
himself. He began working for the Postal Services (PTT), and quickly
became involved in Labor Union activity.
During his youth and after becoming president, Touré studied the
works of communist philosophers, especially those of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. Touré's
first work in a political group was in the Postal Workers Union (PTT).
In 1945, he was one of the founders of their labour Union, becoming the
general secretary of the postal workers' union in 1945. In 1952, he
became the leader of the Guinean Democratic Party which was a local section of the RDA (African Democratic Rally, French: Rassemblement Démocratique Africain), a party agitating for the decolonization of Africa. In 1956 he organized the Union Générale des Travailleurs d'Afrique Noire, a common trade union centre for French West Africa. He was a leader of the RDA, working closely with a future rival, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, who later became the president of the Côte d'Ivoire. In 1956 he was elected Guinea's deputy to the French national assembly and mayor of Conakry, positions he used to launch pointed criticisms of the colonial regime. Touré
is remembered as a charismatic figure and while his legacy as president
is often disdained in his home country, he remains an icon of
liberation in the wider African community. Touré served for some time as a representative of African groups in France, where he worked to negotiate for the independence of France's African colonies. In 1958 Touré's RDA section in Guinea pushed for a "No" in the French Union referendum
sponsored by the French government, and was the only one of France's
African colonies to vote for immediate independence rather than
continued association with France. Guinea became the only French colony
to leave the French Community.
In the event the rest of Francophone Africa gained its independence
only two years later in 1960, but the French were extremely vindictive
against Guinea: withdrawing abruptly, taking files, destroying
infrastructure, and breaking political and economic ties. In his home country, Touré was a strong president. In
1960, he declared his PDG to be the only legal party, though the
country had effectively been a one-party state since independence.
During his presidency Touré led a strong policy based on Marxism, with the nationalization of foreign companies and strong planned economics. He won the Lenin Peace Prize as a result in 1961. Most of the opposition to his socialistic regime
was arrested and jailed or exiled. His early actions to reject the
French and then to appropriate wealth and farmland from traditional
landlords angered
many powerful forces, but the increasing failure of his government to
provide either economic opportunities or democratic rights angered
more. While still revered in much of Africa and
in the Pan-African movement, many Guineans, and activists of the Left
and Right in Europe, have become critical of Touré's failure to
institute meaningful democracy or free media. Opposition
to single party rule grew slowly, and by the late 1960s those who
opposed his government faced fear of detention camps and secret police.
His detractors often had two choices — say nothing or go abroad. From
1965 to 1975 he ended all his relations with France, the former
colonial power. Touré argued that Africa had lost much during
colonization, and that Africa ought to retaliate by cutting off ties to
former colonial nations. Only in 1978, as Guinea's ties with the Soviet Union soured, President of France Valéry Giscard d'Estaing first visited Guinea as a sign of reconciliation. Throughout
his dispute with France, Guinea maintained good relations with several
socialist countries. However, Touré's attitude toward France was
not generally well received, and some African countries ended
diplomatic relations with Guinea over the incident. Despite this,
Touré's move won the support of many anti-colonialist and Pan-African groups and leaders. Touré's primary ally in the region was President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana and
Modibo Keita of Mali. After Nkrumah was overthrown in a 1966 coup,
Touré offered him a refuge in Guinea and made him co-president. As a leader of the Pan-Africanist movement, he consistently spoke out against colonial powers, and befriended leaders from the African diaspora such as Malcolm X and Stokely Carmichael, to whom he offered asylum (and who took the two leaders names, as Kwame Ture). He, with Nkrumah, helped in the formation of the All-African Peoples Revolutionary Party, and aided forces fighting Portuguese colonialism in neighboring Guinea-Bissau (for which the Portuguese launched an attack upon Conakry in 1970). Relations
with the United States fluctuated during the course of Touré's
reign. While Touré was unimpressed with the Eisenhower administration's approach to Africa, he came to consider President John F. Kennedy a
friend and an ally. He even came to state that Kennedy was his "only
true friend in the outside world". He was impressed by Kennedy's
interest in African development and commitment to civil rights in the
United States. Touré blamed a Guinean labor unrest in 1962 on
Soviet interference and turned to the United States. Relations with
Washington soured, however, after Kennedy's death. When a Guinean
delegation was imprisoned in Ghana, after the overthrow of Nkrumah, Touré blamed Washington. He feared that the Central Intelligence Agency was
plotting against his own regime. Over time, Touré's increasing
paranoia led him to arrest large numbers of suspected political
opponents and imprison them in camps, such as the notorious Camp Boiro National Guard Barracks. Tens of thousands of Guinean dissidents sought refuge in exile. Once Guinea's reprochment with France began in the late 1970s, another section of his support, Marxists, began to oppose his government's increasing move to capitalist liberalisation. In 1978 he formally renounced Marxism and reestablished trade with the West. Single-list
elections for an expanded National Assembly were held in 1980.
Touré was elected unopposed to a fourth seven-year term as
president on 9 May 1982. A new constitution was adopted that month, and
during the summer Touré visited the United States as part of an
economic policy reversal that found Guinea seeking Western investment
to develop its huge mineral reserves. Measures announced in 1983
brought further economic liberalization, including the relegation of
produce marketing to private traders. Touré died on 26 March 1984 while undergoing cardiac treatment at the Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio; he had been rushed to the United States after being stricken in Saudi Arabia the previous day. Prime Minister Louis Lansana Béavogui then
became acting president, pending elections that were to be held within
45 days. On 3 April, however, just as the Political Bureau of the
ruling Guinea Democratic Party (PDG) was about to name its choice as
Touré's successor, the armed forces seized power, denouncing the
last years of Touré's rule as a "bloody and ruthless
dictatorship." The constitution was suspended, the National Assembly
dissolved, and the PDG abolished. The leader of the coup, Col. Lansana Conté, assumed the presidency on 5 April, heading the Military Committee for National Recovery (Comité Militaire de Redressement National — CMRN). About 1,000 political prisoners were freed. To date, 50,000 people are believed to have been killed under the regime of Touré in concentration camps like Camp Boiro. |