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Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult, 1st Duke of Dalmatia (29 March 1769 - 26 November 1851), the Hand of Iron, was a French general and statesman, named Marshal of the Empire in 1804. He was one of only six officers in French history to receive the distinction of Marshal General of France. He also served as Prime Minister of France three times. Soult was
born at Saint-Arnans-la-Bastide (now Saint-Amans-Soult near Castres in the Tarn département),
the son of a country notary Jean Soult (1726 – 1779) and
wife Brigitte de Grenier, paternal grandson of
Jean Soult (1698 – 1772) and wife Jeanne de Calvet and maternal
grandson
of Pierre François de Grenier de Lapierre and wife Marie de
Robert. He
was well-educated, and intended to become a lawyer, but his father's
death when he was still a boy made it necessary for him to seek his
fortune, and he enlisted as a private in the French infantry in 1785. His
superior education ensured his promotion to the rank of sergeant after
six years' service, and in July 1791 he became instructor to the first
battalion of volunteers of the Bas-Rhin.
He served with his battalion in 1792. By 1794 he was adjutant-general
(with the rank of chef
de brigade). After the Battle of
Fleurus (1794),
in which he greatly distinguished himself for coolness, he was promoted
to general of brigade by the representatives on mission. He married
Jeanne Louise Elisabeth Berg on 26 April 1796. For the
next five years he was constantly employed in Germany under Jourdan, Moreau, Kléber and Lefebvre,
and in 1799 he was promoted general of division and ordered to proceed
to Switzerland.
It was at this time that he laid the foundations of his military fame,
and he particularly distinguished himself in Masséna's
great Swiss campaign, and especially at the Second Battle
of Zurich. He accompanied Masséna to Genoa,
and acted as his principal lieutenant throughout the protracted siege
of that city, during which he operated with a detached force without
the walls, and after many successful actions he was wounded and taken
prisoner at Monte Cretto on 13 April 1800. The
victory of Marengo restored his freedom, and
Soult received the command of the southern part of the kingdom of Naples,
and in 1802 he was appointed one of the four generals commanding the
consular guard. Though he was one of those generals who had served
under Moreau, and who therefore, as a rule, disliked and despised Napoleon
Bonaparte, Soult had the wisdom to show his devotion to the
ruling power;
in consequence he was in August 1803 appointed to the command-in-chief
of the camp of Boulogne,
and in May 1804 he was made one of the first marshals of the Empire. He
commanded a corps in the advance on Ulm, and
at Austerlitz he led the decisive attack
on the allied centre. Soult
played a great part in all the famous battles of the Grande Armée,
including the Battle of Jena in 1806. However, he missed
the Battle of
Friedland because
on that day he forced his way into Königsberg.
After the conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit,
he returned to France and was created (1808) duke of Dalmatia.
The
award of this title greatly displeased him, for he felt that his
proper title would be duke of Austerlitz, a title Napoleon had reserved
for himself. In the following year he was appointed to the command of
the II corps of the army with which Napoleon intended to conquer Spain,
and after winning the Battle
of Gamonal he
was detailed by the emperor to pursue
Sir John Moore's
British army. At the Battle of
Corunna, in which the British general was killed, Soult was
defeated and the British escaped by sea. For the
next four years Soult remained in Spain, and his military history is
that of the Peninsular War.
In 1809, he invaded Portugal and took Oporto,
but was isolated by General
Silveira's
strategy of contention. Busying himself with the political settlement
of his conquests in the French interests and, as he hoped, for his own
ultimate benefit as a possible candidate for the Portuguese throne, he
attracted the hatred of Republican officers in his Army. Unable to
move, he was eventually driven from Portugal in the Second Battle
of Porto by Wellesley,
making a painful and almost disastrous retreat over the mountains,
pursued by Beresford and Silveira. After the Battle of
Talavera (1809)
he was made chief-of-staff of the French troops in Spain with extended
powers, and on 19 November 1809, won a great victory at the Battle of Ocana. In 1810
he invaded Andalusia,
which he speedily reduced. However, because he turned aside to seize
Seville, the capture of Cádiz eluded
him. He said, "Give me Seville and I will answer for Cádiz." This led to the prolonged and
futile Siege of Cadiz,
a strategic disaster for the French. In 1811 he marched north into Extremadura and took Badajoz.
When the Anglo-Portuguese army laid siege to the city he marched to its
rescue, and fought and nearly won the famous and very bloody Battle of
Albuera on 16
May. In 1812,
after the Duke of
Wellington's great victory of Salamanca,
he was obliged to evacuate Andalusia. In the subsequent Siege of Burgos campaign,
Soult was able to drive Wellington's Anglo-Allied army back to
Salamanca. There, Soult failed to attack Wellington despite a 80,000 to
65,000 superiority of numbers, and the British army retired to the
Portuguese frontier. Soon after, he was recalled
from Spain at the request of Joseph Bonaparte,
with whom, as with the other marshals, he had always disagreed. In March
1813 he assumed the command of IV Corps of the Grande
Armée and
commanded the centre at Lützen and Bautzen,
but he was soon sent, with unlimited powers, to the South of France to
repair the damage done by the great defeat of Vitoria.
It is to Soult's credit that he was able to reorganise the demoralised
French forces with a rapidity that even took Wellington by surprise. Although
often found wanting tactically - even some of his own aides queried his
inability to amend a plan to take into account altered circumstances on
the battlefield - his performance in the closing months of the
Peninsular War is the finest proof of his talents as a general. Though
repeatedly defeated in these campaigns by the Allies under Wellington,
many of his soldiers were raw conscripts, while the Allies could count
greater numbers of veterans among their ranks. His last offensives into
Spain were turned back by Wellington in the Battle of the
Pyrenees (Sorauren)
and by Freire's Spaniards at San Marcial.
Pursued onto French soil, Soult was maneuvered out of several positions
at Nivelle, Nive, and Orthez,
before dealing Wellington a final bloody nose at the Battle of
Toulouse. The
political career of Marshal Soult was by no means as creditable, and it
has been said of him that he had character
only in the face of the enemy. After the first abdication of Napoleon
(1814) he declared himself a Royalist,
received
the order of St. Louis, and acted as minister of war from 3
December 1814 to 11 March 1815. When Napoleon returned from Elba,
Soult at once declared himself a Bonapartist,
was made a peer of France and acted as major-general
(chief of staff) to the emperor in the campaign of
Waterloo, in which role he distinguished himself far less than
he had done as commander of an over-matched army. At
the Second Restoration (1815) he was exiled, but not for long, for in
1819 he was recalled and in 1820 again made a marshal of France. He
once more tried to show himself a fervent Royalist and was made a peer
in 1827. After the revolution of
1830 he made out
that he was a partisan of Louis Philippe,
who welcomed his support and revived for him the title of
marshal-general (previously only held by Turenne, Claude Louis
Hector de Villars and Maurice de Saxe).
He served as minister of war from 1830 to 1834, as Prime Minister from
1832 to 1834, as ambassador extraordinary to London for the coronation of Queen Victoria in
1838 - where the Duke of Wellington reputedly caught him by the arm and
exclaimed 'I have you at last!', again as Prime Minister from 1839 to
1840 and 1840 to 1847, and again as minister of war from 1840 to 1844.
In 1848, when Louis Philippe was overthrown, Soult again declared
himself a republican. He died at his castle of Soultberg, near his
birthplace. He
published a memoir justifying his adherence to Napoleon during the Hundred Days,
and his notes and journals were arranged by his son Napoleon Hector
(1801 – 1857), who published the first part (Mémoires du
maréchal-général Soult) in 1854. Le Noble's
Mémoires sur les operations des Français en Galicie are supposed to have been
written from Soult's papers. Soult
was a skillful military strategist. An example was his drive to cut off
Wellington's British army from Portugal after Talavera, which nearly
succeeded. Though repeatedly defeated by Wellington in 1813-1814, he
conducted a clever defense against one of history's greatest
commanders. Soult's
armies were usually well maintained before going into battle. After
Vitoria, he reorganized the demoralized French forces of Joseph
Bonaparte into a formidable army in a remarkably short time. An
exception to this good logistical record was launching the Battle of
the Pyrenees offensive when his soldiers only had four days rations. Tactically,
Soult planned his battles well, but often left too much to his
subordinates. Wellington said that Soult "never seems to me to
know how to handle troops after the battle had begun". An example
is at the Battle of
Albuera, where he brilliantly turned Beresford's
flank
to open the battle. But when he found himself facing unexpected
opposition from Spanish and British troops, Soult allowed his generals
to adopt a clumsy attack formation, failed to act decisively and was
finally beaten. Another
example of his strengths and weaknesses can be seen at the Battle of the
Nive.
Soult recognized Wellington's strategic dilemma and took advantage by
launching surprise attacks on both wings of the Anglo-Allied army. But
French tactical execution was poor and the British general managed to
fend off Soult's blows. Sloppy staff work marred his tenure as
Napoleon's chief-of-staff in the Waterloo campaign. Soult
allowed his personal ambitions to distract him from his military duty.
Greed and ambition caused him to pass up a golden opportunity to take Cádiz.
While
occupying northern Portugal, his intrigues earned him the
nickname, "King Nicolas." Later, he set himself up as a virtual viceroy of Andalusia,
looting 1.5 million francs worth of art. One historian called him "a plunderer in the world class." He
married in 1796 Louise Berg (1771 – 1852) and had 3 children: Napoleon
(1802 – 1857), 2nd Duke of Dalmatia, who died without male heir, at
which time the title became extinct; Hortense (1804 – 1862); Caroline
(1817). |