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Jayaprakash Narayan (Devanāgarī: जयप्रकाश नारायण; October 11, 1902 - October 8, 1979), widely known as JP or loknayak (leader of the masses), was an Indian independence activist and political leader, remembered especially for leading the opposition to Indira Gandhi in the 1970s and for giving a call for peaceful Total Revolution. His biography, Jayaprakash, was written by his nationalist friend and an eminent writer of Hindi literature, Ramavriksha Benipuri. In 1998, he was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in recognition of his social work. Other awards include the Magsaysay award for Public Service in 1965. The airport of Patna is also named after him. Narayan was born in Sitabadiara village in the Chhapra District of Bihar. When he was a child, he had many pets. One day, his pigeon died and he did not eat food for two days. His father Harsudayal was a junior official in the canal department of the State government and was often touring the region. Jayaprakash, called Baul affectionately, was left with his grandmother to study in Sitabdiara. There was no high school in the village, so Jayaprakash was sent to Patna to study in the Collegiate School. He excelled in school. His essay, "The present state of Hindi in Bihar", won a best essay award. He entered the Patna College on a Government scholarship Jayaprakash Narayan joined Bihar Vidyapeeth, founded by Dr. Rajendra Prasad for motivating young meritorious youths, and was among the first students of eminent Gandhian Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha, a close colleague of M.K. Gandhi who later became first Deputy Chief Minister cum Finance Minister of Bihar. In October, 1920 Jayaprakash married Prabhavati Devi, an independence activist in her own right and a staunch disciple of Kasturba Gandhi. Prabhavati was the daughter of lawyer and nationalist Brij Kishore Prasad, one of the first Gandhians in Bihar and one who played a major role in Gandhi's campaign in Champaran. She often held opinions which were not in agreement with JP's views, but Narayan respected her independence. On Gandhiji's invitation, she stayed at his Sabarmati Ashram while Jayaprakash continued his studies. In 1922, Narayan went to the United States, where he worked to support his studies in political science, sociology and economics at the University of California, Berkeley, University of Iowa, University of Wisconsin – Madison and Ohio State University. He adopted Marxism while studying at the University of Wisconsin – Madison under sociologist Edward A. Ross; he was also deeply influenced by the writings of M.N. Roy. Financial constraints and his mother's health forced him to abandon his wish of earning a PhD. He became acquainted with Rajani Palme Dutt and other revolutionaries in London on his way back to India. After returning to India, Narayan joined the Indian National Congress on the invitation of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1929; M.K. Gandhi became his mentor in the Congress. He shared the same house at kadam kuan in Patna with his close friend and nationalist Ganga Sharan Singh (Sinha) with whom he shared the most cordial and lasting friendship. During the Indian independence movement he was arrested, jailed, and tortured several times by the British. He won particular fame during the Quit India movement. After being jailed in 1932 for civil disobedience against British rule, Narayan was imprisoned in Nasik Jail, where he met Ram Manohar Lohia, Minoo Masani, Achyut Patwardhan, Ashok Mehta, Yusuf Desai and other national leaders. After his release, the Congress Socialist Party, or (CSP), a left-wing group within the Congress, was formed with Acharya Narendra Deva as President and Narayan as General secretary. During the Quit India Movement of 1942, when senior Congress leaders were arrested in the early stages, JP, Lohia and Basawon Singh (Sinha) were at the forefront of the agitations. Leaders such as Jayaprakash Narayan and Aruna Asaf Ali were described as "the political children of Gandhi but recent students of Karl Marx." He was also a great advocate of co.relation "SAHJEEVAN". Initially a defender of physical force, Narayan was won over to Gandhi's position on nonviolence and advocated the use of satyagrahas to achieve the ideals of democratic socialism. Furthermore, he became deeply disillusioned with the practical experience of socialism in Nehru's India. After independence and the death of
Mahatma Gandhi, Narayan, Acharya Narendra Dev and Basawon
Singh (Sinha) led the CSP out of Congress to become the
opposition Socialist
Party, which later took the
name Praja
Socialist Party. Basawon
Singh (Sinha) became the
first leader of the opposition in the state and assembly of Bihar and
Acharya Narendra
Deva became
the first leader of opposition in the state and assembly of U.P. His
party is the first national party who distributed tickets on caste line. On
April 19, 1954, Narayan announced in Gaya that he was dedicating his
life (Jeevandan) to Vinoba Bhave's Sarvodaya movement and its Bhoodan campaign, which promoted
distributing land to Harijans (untouchables).
He gave up his land, set up an ashram in Hazaribagh,
and worked towards uplifting the village. In
1957, Narayan formally broke with the Praja Socialist Party in order to
pursue lokniti [Polity
of the people], as opposed to rajniti [Polity of the state]. By this
time, Narayan had become convinced that lokniti should be non-partisan in
order to build a consensus based, classless, participatory democracy
which he termed Sarvodaya. Narayan became an important figure in
the India-wide network of Gandhian Sarvodaya workers. In 1964, Narayan was vilified across the
political spectrum for arguing in an article in the Hindustan Times that India had a responsibility to keep
its promise to allow self-determination to the state of Jammu
and Kashmir.
He hit back at critics in a second article, dismissing the Indian
version of the "domino theory" which held that the rest of India's
states would disintegrate if Kashmir were allowed its promised freedom.
In his graceful if old-fashioned style, Narayan ridiculed the premise
that "the states of India are held together by force and not by the
sentiment of a common nationality. It is an assumption that makes a
mockery of the Indian Nation and a tyrant of the Indian State". Narayan
returned
to prominence in State politics in the late 1960s. In 1974, he
led the student's movement in the state of Bihar which gradually
developed into a popular people's movement known as the Bihar movement.
It was during this movement that JP gave a call for peaceful Total
Revolution. Together with V.M. Tarkunde,
he founded the Citizens for
Democracy in
1974 and the People's Union
for Civil Liberties in
1976, both NGOs, to uphold and defend civil liberties. When Indira Gandhi was found guilty of
violating electoral laws by the Allahabad High
Court, Narayan called for Indira to resign, and advocated a
program of social transformation which he termed Sampoorna kraanti [Total Revolution]. Instead
she proclaimed a national Emergency on
the midnight of June 25, 1975, immediately after Narayan had called for
the PM's resignation and had asked the military and the police to
disregard unconstitutional and immoral orders; JP, opposition leaders,
and dissenting members of her own party (the 'Young Turks') were
arrested on that day. Jayaprakash Narayan attracted a gathering of
100,000 people at the Ramlila Grounds and thunderously recited Rashtrakavi Ramdhari Singh
'Dinkar''s wonderfully evocative poetry: Singhasan
Khaali Karo Ke Janata Aaati Hai.
Narayan was kept as detenu at Chandigarh even
after he had asked for a month's parole for mobilising relief in areas
of Bihar gravely affected by flood. His health suddenly deteriorated on
October 24, and he was released on November 12; diagnosis at Jaslok
Hospital, Bombay, revealed kidney failure; he would be on dialysis for
the rest of his life. After Indira revoked the emergency on
January 18, 1977 and announced elections, it was under JP's guidance
that the Janata
Party (a
vehicle for the broad spectrum of the anti-Indira Gandhi opposition)
was formed. The Janata Party was voted into power, and became the first
non-Congress party to form a government at the Centre. On the call of
Narayan many youngsters joined the J P movement. He died in October 1979; but a few months
before that, in March 1979, his death was erroneously
announced by
the Indian prime minister to the parliament as he lay fighting for his
life in Jaslok Hospital, causing a brief wave of national mourning,
including the suspension of parliament and regular radio broadcasting,
and closure of schools and shops. When he was told about the gaffe a
few weeks later, he smiled. |