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Park Chung-hee (30 September 1917 – 26 October 1979) was a Republic of Korea Army general and the President of South Korea (the Republic of Korea) from 1961 to 1979. He has been credited with the industrialization of the Republic of Korea through export-led growth. His rule was ended by his assassination in 1979. He was named one of the top 100 Asians of the Century by Time magazine (1999). Park was born in Gumi-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do during the Japanese occupation. His father was Park Seong-bin (age 46 at the time) and his mother was Baek Nam-hui (age 45). His eldest brother was Park Dong-hee (age 22); second brother was Park Mu-hee (age 19); eldest sister was Park Gwi-hee (age 15); third brother was Park Sang-hee (age 11); fourth brother was Park Han-saeng (age 7); and his youngest sister was Park Jae-hee (age 5). Park came from an undistinguished local branch of the Goryeong Bak clan. Park won admission to the Daegu Teacher's Gymnasium, which was a favored high school for prospective primary teachers. He entered on April 8, 1932 and graduated on March 25, 1937, after five years of study. His formative years coincided with the Japanese invasion of China, starting with the Manchurian incident in 1931 and culminating in the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937. Park went on to teach for several years in Mungyeong, where the primary school has been preserved as a museum. In April 1940, Park enrolled in the Manchukuo Imperial Army Academy, and on completing his studies with top marks in 1942, was selected for officer training at the Army Staff College in Japan. After graduating third in his class, he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the 8th Infantry Division of the Manchukuo Army, and served during the final stages of World War II. At the time he used his Japanese name Takagi Masao. After the war, he went on to serve in the military of the Republic of South Korea but was expelled in 1948 when it was discovered that he had participated in a communist cell organized within the South Korean army. During the Korean War he rejoined the military and became an expert at logistics. He received a year of special training at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. He rose steadily through the ranks, eventually reaching the rank of general.
He was married to Kim Ho Nam and got divorced. Later, he was married to Yuk Young-soo, with whom he had two daughters and one son. The elder daughter Park Geun Hye later became a politician. Syngman Rhee, the first president of the Republic of Korea, was forced out of office on April 26, 1960 as an aftermath of the April 19 Movement, a student-led uprising. A new government took office on August 13. This
was a short-lived period of parliamentary rule in Republic of Korea
with a figurehead president, Yun Bo-seon; the real power was vested in Prime Minister Chang Myon. Yun
and Chang did not command the respect of the majority of the Democratic
Party. They could not agree on the composition of the cabinet and Chang
attempted to hold the tenuous coalition together by reshuffling cabinet
positions three times within five months. Park then led a military coup (called the 5.16 coup d'état)
on May 16, 1961, a coup largely welcomed by a general populace
exhausted by political chaos. Although Prime Minister Chang resisted
the coup efforts, President Yun sided with the junta and persuaded the
United States Eighth Army and the commanders of various South Korean
army units not to interfere with the new rulers. Soon, Park Chung-hee was promoted to Lieutenant General. The Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA)
was created on June 19, 1961 to prevent a countercoup and to suppress
all potential enemies, domestic and international. It was to have not
only investigative power, but also the power to arrest and detain
anyone suspected of wrongdoing or harboring anti junta sentiments. The
KCIA extended its power to economic and foreign affairs under its first
director, Colonel (retired) Kim Jong-pil, a relative of Park and one of the original planners of the coup. President
Yun remained in office to provide legitimacy to the regime, but
resigned on March 24, 1962. Park then became Acting President as well
as chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction and was promoted to full general. Following pressure from the Kennedy administration in the United States,
Park finally relented and agreed to restore civilian rule. He narrowly
won the 1963 election as the candidate of the newly created Democratic Republican Party over Yun, candidate of the Civil Rule Party. He was re-elected in 1967, again defeating Yun by a narrow margin. Park is generally credited with playing a pivotal role in the development of South Korea's economy by shifting its focus to export oriented industrialization. When he came to power in 1961, South Korea's per capita income was only USD 72. North Korea was
the greater economic and military power on the peninsula due to the
North's legacy of Japanese built facilities such as the power and
chemical plants, and also the large amounts of economic, technical and
financial aid it received from other communist bloc countries such as
the Soviet Union, East Germany and Poland. Park's
leadership saw a remarkable development of South Korean industry. He
had seen the development of Manchukuo based on Japanese investment in
infrastructure and heavy industries when he was a officer in the
Manchukuo imperial army. Intending to acquire money and technology for
South Korea via Japanese investment, Park normalized diplomatic relations with Japan in 1965 (Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea). Many South Koreans questioned Park's decision, which was extremely unpopular due to vivid memories of Japan's colonization of Korea;
it resulted in widespread unrest. However, Park's strategy succeeded in
attracting Japanese capital and technology, along with American aid, to
develop South Korea's heavy industry and infrastructure, although many
Koreans criticized it as too meager recompense for the long Japanese
occupation. Government - corporate cooperation on expanding South
Korean
exports helped lead to the growth of some South Korean companies into
today's giant Korean financial conglomerates, the chaebols. Park's government deployed over 300,000 South Korean troops in the Vietnam War, a commitment second only to that of the United States. The stated reasons for this were to help maintain good relations with the U.S., prevent the further advance of communism in East Asia and
to enhance the Republic's international standing. In January 1965, on
the day when a bill mandating a major deployment passed the National
Assembly (with 106 votes for and 11 against),
Park announced that it was "time for South Korea to wean itself from a
passive position of receiving help or suffering intervention, and to
assume a proactive role of taking responsibility on major international
issues." In the 1960s, Park made speeches in which he blamed the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and the British Empire generally for Japan's takeover of Korea. Park clamped down on personal freedoms under the provisions of a state of emergency dating to the Korean War. Constitutional guarantees of freedom of speech and the press were often curtailed. The KCIA retained broad powers of arrest and detention, and opponents were frequently tortured. The
electoral system was also heavily rigged in favor of Park's Democratic
Republican Party, which routinely won large majorities in the National
Assembly. Opposition parties and leaders were subjected to varying
degrees of official harassment; some were assassinated. Park was
re-elected in 1967 against Yoon. The
Constitution of 1963 limited the president to two consecutive terms,
and Park had promised after being sworn in for his second term that he
would leave office in 1971. However, with the assistance of the KCIA,
his allies in the legislature succeeded in amending the Constitution to
allow the current president — himself — to run for three consecutive terms.
In 1971, he won another close election, this time over Kim Dae-jung. Just
after being sworn in for his third term, Park declared a state of
emergency "based on the dangerous realities of the international
situation." In October 1972, he dissolved Parliament and suspended the
Constitution. In December, a new constitution, the Yusin Constitution, was approved in a heavily rigged plebiscite after a vigorous campaign on its behalf by the heavily censored press. It borrowed the word "Yusin" (維新) from the Meiji Restoration (Meiji Ishin; 明治維新) of Imperial Japan. He drew inspiration for his self-coup from Ferdinand Marcos' similar move a few weeks earlier. The new document dramatically increased Park's power. It transferred the election of the president to an electoral college,
the National Conference for Unification. The presidential term was
increased to six years, with no limits on reelection. In effect, the
constitution converted Park's presidency into a legal dictatorship. In
1972 and 1978 he was reelected without any opposition. The
growth of the South Korean economy secured a level of support for the
Park Chung-hee presidency in the 1960s, but that support started to
fade after economic growth started slowing and because of the
authoritarian measures taken by Park. By the late 1970s, demonstrations
against the Yushin system erupted throughout the country indicating
Park’s rising level of unpopularity. A
demonstration that hurt Park’s popularity was the “Pu-Ma struggle.” On
October 16, 1979, student demonstrations calling for the end of
dictatorship and the Yushin system began at Busan National University and
moved into the streets of the city. Students and the riot police fought
all day, and by the evening, 50,000 people had gathered in front of the
city hall. After several public offices were attacked and around 400
protesters were arrested, the government declared martial law in Busan on October 18. On October 18, the protests spread to Masan. Students from Kyungnam University in
Masan also participated in protests, which spread and resulted in
10,000 mostly students and workers joining the struggle against the
Yushin System. They began attacking the police station and city offices
of the ruling party, and a city-wide curfew was put into place. The
rising unrest in the public contributed to the sense of urgency in the
government, and hence, to Park Chung-hee’s assassination. On January 21, 1968, the 31-man Unit 124 of Korean People's Army special forces commandos attempted
to assassinate Park and nearly succeeded. They were spotted by four
South Korean civilians out cutting wood. After spending several hours
trying to convince the civilians of the benefits of communism, the
commandos let the civilians free with a stern warning not to notify the
police. However, the civilians informed the police that very night. The
commandos entered Seoul in two- and three-man cells on January 20 and
noticed the increased security measures that had been implemented
throughout the city. Realising their original plan had little chance of
success, the team leader improvised a new plan. Changing into Republic
of Korea (ROK) Army uniforms of the local 26th Infantry Division,
complete with the correct unit insignia, which they had brought with
them, they formed up and prepared to march the last mile to the Blue
House, posing as ROK Army soldiers returning from a counter
infiltration patrol. The unit marched toward the Blue House, passing
several National Police and ROK Army units en route. Approximately 800
meters from the Blue House, a police contingent finally halted the unit
and began to question them. The nervous North Koreans fumbled their
replies, and when one suspicious policeman drew his pistol, a commando
shot him. A melee then ensued in which two infiltrators died. The rest
of the commandos scattered and began racing for the DMZ. For
the next several days, South Korean and American soldiers and police
cooperated in a massive manhunt. Three infiltrators were pursued and
killed in the Seoul area, while 25 others were eventually hunted down
and killed in various firefights, with one infiltrator being captured.
Only two of the thirty-one fighters could not be accounted for. During
the course of this assassination attempt, South Korean casualties
totaled sixty-eight killed and sixty-six wounded — mainly army and
police
but also about two dozen civilians. Three Americans also died and three
were wounded in attempts to block the escaping infiltrators. Of thirty commandos, all but Kim Shin-Jo were killed. Three days later, January 23, the USS Pueblo was captured by North Korea. In response to the assassination attempt, the South Korean government reportedly organized the ill-fated Unit 684. This group was intended to assassinate North Korean leader Kim Il-Sung, but was disbanded in 1971.
On August 15, 1974, Park was delivering a speech in the National Theater during a ceremony to celebrate the nation's deliverance from Japanese colonial domination 29 years before, when a presumed North Korean agent Mun Se-gwang fired a gun at Park from the front row. The bullets missed the president, but a stray bullet struck his wife Yuk Young-soo, who died later in the day, and one choir girl. The incident was filmed on video. Park continued his speech as his dying wife was carried off of the stage. On October 26, 1979, Park was shot by Kim Jaegyu, the director of the KCIA.
Kim claimed that Park was an obstacle to democracy and that his act was
one of patriotism. After Kim shot the president to death and the leader
of his guards, his agents quickly killed four more of the presidential
bodyguards before the group was apprehended. The entire episode is
usually either considered a spontaneous act of passion by an individual
or as part of a pre-arranged attempted coup by the intelligence service. A devout Buddhist, Park Chung-hee is buried at Seoul National Cemetery. Many
Koreans consider Park to be one of the greatest president in Korean
history and continue to hold Park in high regard in great part due to
the industrial and economic growth experienced by South Korea under his
presidency. He is often credited as one of the main influences
responsible for bringing economic prosperity to Korea. Today, Park is
recognized and respected as his country's most effective leader who is
credited for making South Korea what it is today in economic terms. There
are also many on the left who condemn him for the brutality of his
dictatorship and for his service to the Japanese army during World War
II. Today, his critics allege that there were widespread human rights
abuses in South Korea during his rule. Thousands were arrested and
imprisoned for many years merely for criticizing him in workplaces or
bars. One of the more notorious cases of Park's alleged abuses is the
allegation that he ordered that a political rival, Kim Dae-jung (who became the president of the Republic of Korea in the late 1990s) be killed (Kidnapping of Kim Dae-jung). His daughter Park Geun-hye was elected the chair of the conservative Grand National Party in
2004. She has resigned her post in order to prepare a presidential bid
for the upcoming election. However, she lost her bid to her intra-party
rival, Lee Myung Bak. |