April 21, 2012 <Back to Index>
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Raden Ayu Kartini, (21 April 1879 – 17 September 1904), or sometimes known as Raden Ajeng Kartini, was a prominent Javanese and an Indonesian national heroine. Kartini is known as a pioneer in the area of women's rights for native Indonesians. Kartini was born into an aristocratic Javanese family in a time when Java was still part of the Dutch colony, the Dutch East Indies. Kartini's father, Raden Mas Sosroningrat, became Regency Chief of Jepara, and her mother was Raden Mas' first wife, but not the most important one. At this time, polygamy was a common practice among the nobility. She also wrote the Letters of a Javanese Princess. Kartini's father, R.M.A.A. Sosroningrat, was originally the district chief of Mayong. Her mother was M.A. Ngasirah, the daughter of Kyai Haji Madirono, a teacher of religion in Teluwakur, Jepara, and Nyai Haji Siti Aminah. At that time, colonial regulations specified that a Regency Chief must marry a member of the nobility and because M.A. Ngasirah was not of sufficiently high nobility, her father married a second time to Raden Ajeng Woerjan (Moerjam), a direct descendant of the Raja of Madura. After this second marriage, Kartini's father was elevated to Regency Chief of Jepara, replacing his second wife's own father, R.A.A. Tjitrowikromo. Kartini was the fifth child and second eldest daughter in a family of eleven, including half siblings. She was born into a family with a strong intellectual tradition. Her grandfather, Pangeran Ario Tjondronegoro IV, became a Regency Chief at the age of 25 while Kartini's older brother Sosrokartono was an accomplished linguist. Kartini's family allowed her to attend school until she was 12 years old. Here, among other subjects, she learnt to speak fluent Dutch, an unusual accomplishment for Javanese women at the time. After she turned 12 she was 'secluded' at home, a common practice among Javanese nobility, to prepare young girls for their marriage. During seclusion girls were not allowed to leave their parents' house until they were married, at which point authority over them was transferred to their husbands. Kartini's father was more lenient than some during his daughter's seclusion, giving her such privileges as embroidery lessons and occasional appearances in public for special events. During her seclusion, Kartini continued to educate herself on her own. Because Kartini could speak Dutch, she acquired several Dutchpen friends. One of them, a girl by the name of Rosa Abendanon, became her very close friend. Books, newspapers and European magazines fed Kartini's interest in European feminist thinking, and fostered the desire to improve the conditions of indigenous women, who at that time had a very low social status. Kartini's omnivorous reading included the Semarang newspaper De locomotief, edited by Pieter Brooshooft, as well as leestrommel, a set of magazines circulated by bookshops to subscribers. She also read cultural and scientific magazines as well as the Dutch women's magazine De Hollandsche Lelie, to which she began to send contributions which were published. From her letters, it was clear that Kartini read everything with a great deal of attention and thoughtfulness. The books she had read before she was 20 included Max Havelaar and Love Letters by Multatuli. She also read De Stille Kracht (The Hidden Force) by Louis Couperus, the works of Frederik van Eeden, Augusta de Witt, the Romantic - Feminist author Mrs. Goekoop de-Jong Van Beek and an anti-war novel by Berta von Suttner, Die Waffen Nieder! (Lay Down Your Arms!). All were in Dutch. Kartini's
concerns were not just in the area of the emancipation of women, but
also the problems of her society. Kartini saw that the struggle for
women to obtain their freedom, autonomy and legal equality was just
part of a wider movement. Kartini's parents arranged her marriage to Raden Adipati Joyodiningrat, the Regency Chief of Rembang,
who already had three wives. She was married on 12 November 1903.
This was against Kartini's wishes, but she acquiesced to appease her
ailing father. Her husband understood Kartini's aims and allowed her to
establish a school for women in the east porch of the Rembang Regency
Office complex. Kartini's only son was born on September 13, 1904. A
few days later on September 17, 1904, Kartini died at the age of 25.
She was buried in Bulu Village, Rembang. Inspired
by Kartini's example, the Van Deventer family established the Kartini
Foundation which built schools for women, 'Kartini's Schools' in Semarang in 1912, followed by other women's schools in Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Malang, Madiun, Cirebon and other areas. In 1964, President Sukarno declared
Kartini's birth date, 21 April, as 'Kartini Day' - an Indonesian
national holiday. This decision has been criticised. It has been
proposed that Kartini's Day should be celebrated in conjunction with
Indonesian Mothers Day, on 22 December so that the choice of Kartini as
a national heroine would not overshadow other women who, unlike
Kartini, took up arms to oppose the colonisers. In
contrast, those who recognise the significance of Kartini argue that
not only was she a feminist who elevated the status of women in
Indonesia, she was also a nationalist figure, with new ideas who struggled on behalf of her people, including her in the national struggle for independence. After
Kartini died, Mr J.H. Abendanon, the Minister for Culture, Religion
and Industry in the East Indies, collected and published the letters
that Kartini had sent to her friends in Europe. The book was titled Door Duisternis tot Licht (Out of Dark Comes Light) and
was published in 1911. It went through five editions, with some
additional letters included in the final edition, and was translated
into English by Agnes L. Symmers and published under the title Letters of a Javanese Princess. The publication of Kartini's letters, written by a native Javanese woman, attracted great interest in the Netherlands and
Kartini's ideas began to change the way the Dutch viewed native women
in Java. Her ideas also provided inspiration for prominent figures in
the fight for Independence. There
are some grounds for doubting the veracity of Kartini's letters. There
are allegations that Abendanon made up Kartini's letters. These
suspicions arose because Kartini's book was published at a time when
the Dutch Colonial Government were implementing 'Ethical Policies' in
the Dutch East Indies, and Abendanon was one of the most prominent
supporters of this policy. The current whereabouts of the vast majority
of Kartini's letters is unknown. According to the late Sulastin
Sutrisno, the Dutch Government has been unable to track down J. H.
Abendanon's descendants. In
her letters, Kartini wrote about her views of the social conditions
prevailing at that time, particularly the condition of native
Indonesian women. The majority of her letters protest the tendency of
Javanese Culture to impose obstacles for the development of women. She
wanted women to have the freedom to learn and study. Kartini wrote of
her ideas and ambitions, including Zelf-ontwikkeling, Zelf-onderricht, Zelf-vertrouwen, Zelf-werkzaamheid and Solidariteit. These ideas were all based on Religieusiteit, Wijsheid en Schoonheid, that is, belief in God, wisdom, and beauty, along with Humanitarianisme (humanitarianism) and Nationalisme (nationalism). Kartini's
letters also expressed her hopes for support from overseas. In her
correspondence with Estell "Stella" Zeehandelaar, Kartini expressed her
desire to be like a European youth. She depicted the sufferings of
Javanese women fettered by tradition, unable to study, secluded, and
who must be prepared to participate in polygamous marriages with men
they don't know. Kartini also expressed criticisms about religion. She questioned why the Quran must be memorised and recited without an obligation to actually understand it.
She also expressed the view that the world would be more peaceful if
there was no religion to provide reasons for disagreements, discord and
offence. She wrote "Religion must guard us against committing sins, but more often, sins are committed in the name of religion" Kartini also raised questions with the way in which religion provided a justification for men to pursue polygamy.
For Kartini, the suffering of Javanese women reached a pinnacle when
the world was reduced to the walls of their houses and they were
prepared for a polygamous marriage. It is known from her letters dated October 1902 to Abendanon and
her husband that at the age of 23, Kartini had a mind to live a
vegetarian life. "It has been for sometime that we are thinking to do
it (to be a vegetarian), I have even eaten only vegetables for years
now, but I still don't have enough moral courage to carry on. I am
still too young." Kartini once wrote. She
also emphasized the relationship between this kind of lifestyle with
religious thoughts. She also quoted, "Living a life as vegetarian is a
wordless prayer to the Almighty." Kartini
loved her father deeply although it is clear that her deep affection
for him became yet another obstacle to the realisation of her ambitions. He was sufficiently progressive to allow his daughters
schooling until the age of 12 but at that point the door to further
schooling was firmly closed. In his letters, her father also expressed
his affection for Kartini. Eventually, he gave permission for Kartini to study to become a teacher in Batavia (now Jakarta),
although previously he had prevented her from continuing her studies in the Netherlands or entering medical school in Batavia. Kartini's
desire to continue her studies in Europe was also expressed in her
letters. Several of her pen friends worked on her behalf to support
Kartini in this endeavour. And when finally Kartini's ambition was
thwarted, many of her friends expressed their disappointment. In the
end her plans to study in the Netherlands were transmuted into plans to
journey to Batavia on the advice of Mrs. Abendanon that this would be
best for Kartini and her younger sister, Rukmini. Nevertheless,
in 1903 at the age of 24, her plans to study to become a teacher in
Batavia came to nothing. In a letter to Mrs. Abendanon, Kartini wrote
that the plan had been abandoned because she was going to be married... "In short, I no longer desire to take advantage of this opportunity, because I am to be married..".
This was despite the fact that for its part, the Dutch Education
Department had finally given permission for Kartini and Rukmini to
study in Batavia. As
the wedding approached, Kartini's attitude towards Javanese traditional
customs began to change. She became more tolerant. She began to feel
that her marriage would bring good fortune for her ambition to develop
a school for native women. In her letters, Kartini mentioned that not
only did her esteemed husband support her desire to develop the
woodcarving industry in Jepara and the school for native women, but she
also mentioned that she was going to write a book. Sadly, this ambition
was unrealised as a result of her premature death in 1904 at the age of
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