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Zewditu (also spelled Zawditu or Zauditu; Ge'ez ዘውዲቱ; April 29, 1876 – April 2, 1930) was Empress of Ethiopia from 1916 to 1930. The first woman head of an internationally recognized state in Africa in the 19th and 20th centuries, she was noted for opposing the reforms of Tafari Makonnen (later Emperor Haile Selassie) and for her strong religious devotion. Baptised as Askala Maryam ("Askal of Mary," a type of flower), the future Zewditu (known erroneously as Judith in English) was the eldest daughter of the then Negus (or King) Menelek of Shewa, the future emperor Menelek II of Ethiopia. Her mother, Weyziro (Lady) Abechi, was a Shewan noblewoman and a brief companion of Menelek. Her mother had died when Askala Maryam was very young, and the future empress was raised by her father and his consort Baffana. Negus Menelik later married Taytu Betul, but had no children by this wife. Menelik had three acknowledged children: Zewditu herself, a son Asfaw Wossen who died in infancy, and another daughter Shewa Regga, the mother of Lij Iyasu, Menelik's eventual heir. However, the Emperor remained closest to Zewditu, who also had good relations with her stepmother Empress Taytu, and was part of her father's household for most of her life. In 1886, the ten-year-old Zewditu was married to Ras Araya Selassie Yohannes, son and heir of Emperor Yohannes IV. The marriage was political, having been arranged when Menelik agreed to submit to Yohannes' rule. Yohannes and Menelik eventually fell into conflict again, however, with Menelik launching a rebellion against Yohannes' rule. Zewditu's marriage was childless, being very young during her marriage, although her husband had fathered a son by another woman. When Araya Selassie died in 1888, she left Mekele and returned to her father's court in Shewa. Despite the hostility between Menelik and Yohannes, Zewditu managed throughout the conflict to maintain good relations with both. Zewditu had two further marriages, both brief, before marrying Ras Gugsa Welle.
Gugsa Welle was the nephew of Empress Taytu, Zewditu's stepmother.
Zewditu had already been on good terms with Taytu, but the
establishment of a direct tie between the two helped cement the
relationship. Unlike her prior marriages, Zewditu's marriage to Gugsa
Welle is thought to have been happy. Upon the death of Emperor Yohannis IV at the Battle of Metemma against
the Mahdists of the Sudan, Negus Menelek of Shewa assumed power and
became Emperor of Ethiopia in 1889. This restored the direct male
succession of the dynasty, as Emperor Yohannes's claim to the throne
was through a female link to the line. As the daughter of Menelek II,
Zewditu would be the last monarch in direct agnatic descent from the Solomonic dynasty. Her successor Haile Selassie was also linked in the female line. In 1913, Menelik died, and Lij Iyasu, the son of Zewditu's half-sister Shewa Regga, who had been publicly declared heir apparent in 1909, took the throne. Iyasu considered Zewditu a potential threat to his rule, and exiled her and her husband to the countryside. Due
to fears of instability that might be caused, the cabinet of ministers
decided not to publicly proclaim the death of Menelik II. As a result,
Iyasu was never officially proclaimed as Emperor Iyasu V. However, both
Menelik's death and Iyasu's de-facto accession were widely known and
accepted. The Church authorities, the Lord Regent Ras Tessema, and the
ministers agreed that Iyasu's coronation should be postponed until he
was a bit older. However Iyasu quickly encountered problems with his
rule and he was never crowned. He was widely disliked by the nobility
for his unstable behavior, and the church held him in suspicion for his
alleged Muslim sympathies.
After a troubled few years, Iyasu was removed from power. Zewditu was
summoned to the capital, and on 27 September 1916, the Council of State
and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church officially announced the death of Emperor Menelik II and deposed Iyasu in favour of Zewditu. Zewditu's official title was "Queen of Kings" (Negiste Negest), a modification of the traditional title "King of Kings" (Nəgusä Nägäst). Initially, Zewditu was not permitted to exercise power herself. Instead, her cousin Ras Tafari Makonnen was appointed regent, and her father's old loyal general, Fitawrari Hapte Giorgis Dinagde was
made commander in chief of the army. Ras Tafari was also made heir
apparent to Zewditu - none of Zewditu's children had survived to
adulthood. In 1928, after an attempt to remove Ras Tafari Makonnen from
power failed, the Empress was compelled to crown her cousin Negus.
While
the conservative Ethiopian aristocracy was generally supportive of
Zewditu, it was less enthusiastic about many of her relatives. Zewditu's stepmother and the aunt of her husband, Dowager Empress Taytu Betul,
had withdrawn from the capital after Menelik's death, but was still
distrusted somewhat due to the evident favorism she had practiced
during the reign of her late husband. In an attempt to limit her
influence, the aristocracy arranged for her nephew (Zewditu's husband
Ras Gugsa Welle) to be appointed to a remote governorship, removing him
from court. This move, while intended as a strike against Taytu rather
than against Zewditu, is believed to have upset Zewditu considerably.
Zewditu also suffered guilt for taking the throne from Lij Iyasu, who
her father had wanted to succeed him - while she believed that Iyasu's
overthrow was necessary, she had admired her father greatly, and was
unhappy at having to disobey his wishes. Her separation from her
husband and her guilt about Iyasu's overthrow combined to make Zewditu
not particularly happy as Empress. Interestingly, even though he had
treated her abominably, she held much personal affection for her nephew
Iyasu, and is said to have wept bitterly for him when told that she was
being made Empress as her nephew had been excommunicated for apostasy.
Increasingly, the Empress retreated from state responsibility into a
world of fasting and prayer, as the progressive elements that
surrounded the heir, Tafari Makonnen gained in strength and influence
at court.
The early period of Zewditu's reign was marked by a war against Lij Iyasu, who had escaped captivity. Backed by his father, Negus Mikael of Wollo,
a powerful northern leader, Iyasu attempted to regain the throne. The
two failed to effectively coordinate their efforts however, and after
some initial victories Iyasu's father was defeated and captured at the Battle of Segale. The Negus was paraded through the streets of Addis Ababa in chains, carrying a rock
of repentance on his shoulders, before entering the throne room and
kissing the Empress's shoes to beg for her mercy. The heir to the
throne, Ras Tafari
Makonnen was not present at this spectacle out of consideration for the
feelings of his wife, who was the granddaughter of Negus Mikael. Upon hearing of his father's defeat and humiliation, Iyasu himself fled to Afar. After years on the run, Iyasu was later captured by Dejazmach Gugsa Araya Selassie, the son who Zewditu's first husband had fathered by another woman. Gugsa Araya was rewarded with the title of Ras from his former stepmother, and Princess Yeshashework Yilma,
the niece of Tafari Makonnen, as his bride. When Iyasu was captured, a
tearful Empress Zewditu pleaded that he be kept in a special house on
the grounds of the palace where she would see to his care and he could
receive religious counsel. She found Ras Tafari and Fitawrari Hapte Giorgis to
be unbendingly opposed, and so gave up. She did however make sure that
special favorite foods and a constant supply of clothing and small
luxuries reached Lij Iyasu at his place of arrest in Sellale. To the
end of her life, she referred to her deposed nephew as "Getaye (my lord
master) Iyasu". As Empress Zewditu's reign progressed, the difference in outlook gradually widened between her and her appointed heir, Ras Tafari Makonnen. Tafari was a moderniser, believing that Ethiopia needed to
open itself to the world in order to survive. In this, he had the
backing of many younger nobles. Zewditu, however, was a conservative,
believing in the preservation of Ethiopian tradition. She had the
strong backing of the church in this belief. Slowly, however, Zewditu
began to withdraw from active politics, leaving more and more power to
Tafari. Under Tafari's direction, Ethiopia entered the League of Nations, and abolished slavery. Zewditu busied herself with religious activities, such as the construction of a number of significant churches. In 1928, there was a small conservative uprising against Tafari's reforms,
but it was unsuccessful. Empress Zewditu was compelled to grant Tafari,
who now controlled most of the Ethiopian government, the title of King (Negus). While Negus Tafari remained under the nominal rule of Zewditu (who was still Negeste Negest,
Queen of Kings or Empress), Tafari was now effectively the ruler of
Ethiopia. A number of attempts were made to displace him, but they were
all unsuccessful. In 1930, Zewditu's husband Ras Gugsa Welle led a rebellion against Negus Tafari in Begemder,
hoping to end the regency in spite of his wife's repeated pleas and
orders to desist, but was defeated and killed in battle by the
modernised Ethiopian army at the Battle of Anchem on 31 March 1930. On
April 2, AD 1930, two days after Ras Gugsa Welle was killed in battle,
Empress Zewditu died. It is known today that Zewditu suffered from diabetes, and was seriously ill with typhoid,
but it is not universally agreed that this was the cause of her death.
According to some popular histories, Zewditu died of shock and grief at
hearing of her husband's death, but other accounts contradict this,
claiming that Zewditu was not informed of the battle's outcome before
her sudden death. Some diplomatic sources in Addis Ababa reported at
the time that the fever stricken Empress was immersed in a large
container of fridgidly cold holy water to cure her of her illness, but
that her body went into shock and she died shortly thereafter. The
timing of her death immediately after news of the outcome of the battle
reached Addis Ababa has caused considerable speculation as to her cause
of death. Some, particularly conservative critics of her successor,
Emperor Haile Selassie, allege that once the rebellion had been
decisively defeated, he or his supporters felt safe inpoisoning Zewditu. Speculation as to the cause of Zewditu's death continues today. Empress Zewditu was succeeded on the throne by Negus Tafari, who took the name of Emperor Haile Selassie. |