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Ivan pl. Zajc (Croatian pronunciation: [ǐʋan zâjts]; August 3, 1832 – December 16, 1914) was a Croatian composer, conductor, director and teacher who for over forty years dominated Croatia's musical culture. Through his artistic and institutional reform efforts, he is credited with its revitalization and refinement, paving the way for new and significant Croatian musical achievements in the 20th century. Born in Rijeka, Zajc's musical talent was evident very early on in his life, as he began to study the piano and violin at the age of five, performed in public by the age of six, and even began to compose his own music by the age of twelve. Nevertheless, despite his early musical success, his military bandmaster father was opposed to the idea of a career in music and wanted him to study law instead following the completion of his secondary education. In the end, Zajc's professors prevailed and he entered the Milan Conservatory in 1850 with his father's consent. Zajc studied in Milan from 1850 to 1855, under the supervision of Stefano Ronchetti - Monteviti (counterpoint and composition), Alberto Mazzucato (orchestration), and Lauro Rossi (dramatic music). During this period, Zajc took his studies very seriously and regularly won prizes as one of the conservatory's most talented students. He was awarded first prize at his graduation examination for the opera La Tirolese (1855), which was performed on stage in the same year. Zajc's future as a composer and conductor in Milan was secure, but the death of his parents in the meantime forced him to return to Rijeka. Back
home, he accepted the post of conductor and concert master of the Town
Theatre Orchestra, taught stringed instruments at the Philharmonic
Institute, and simultaneously wrote numerous compositions with his
characteristic speed and ease. In 1860, his opera Amelia ossia Il Bandito was met with great success, though two years later, after a prolonged illness, Zajc chose to move to Vienna where
opera and theatre were flourishing. His eight year stay there
(1862 – 1870) was marked by further success, though he settled for
composing operettas rather than operas. His first Viennese work, Mannschaft an Bord (1863),
was enormously well received and his later operettas only served to
strengthen his growing reputation. Yet interestingly, it was in Vienna
where Zajc became involved with the Croatian academic society Velebit and frequently met with young Croatian students. Influenced by such Croatian cultural figures as bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer and poets Petar Preradović, Ivan Trnski, August Šenoa, and Matija Divković, Zajc chose patriotism over world fame and returned to Croatia. Upon his arrival in Zagreb in 1870, Zajc was presented with two posts: director and conductor of the Croatian Opera and director and teacher at the Croatian Institute of Music.
It was during this period that Zajc made his colossal contribution to
Croatian musical culture, not only through his compositions, but also
through his leadership in reorganizing Zagreb's musical institutions.
He was also an excellent vocal teacher and succeeded in training
several prominent singers. Zajc was an exceptionally prolific composer
as evidenced by almost 1000 works, from Op. 234 to Op. 1202, produced
during his time in Zagreb. Included in this number are Mislav (1870), Ban Leget (1872), his masterpiece Nikola Šubić Zrinjski (1876), and Lizinka (1878), in addition to operettas, musical comedies, cantatas, songs and choral compositions, concerti, chamber music, and many other works. Zajc's
appointment at the opera was held until 1889, when owing to financial
difficulties the organization lapsed for a time, but Zajc retained his
post at the school until 1908, when he finally retired. He is credited
with reviving Croatian music during a period of musical stagnation after the collapse of the Illyrian Movement and
raising it to the artistic level where it stands today. His efforts
paved the way for new and significant Croatian musical achievements in
the early 20th century, which Zajc himself lived to see until his death
on December 16, 1914 in Zagreb. |