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Amintore Fanfani (February 6, 1908 - November 20, 1999) was an Italian career politician and the 33rd man to serve the office of Prime Minister of the State. He was one of the well known Italian politicians after the Second World War, and a historical figure of the Christian Democracy (Italian: Democrazia Cristiana – DC). Fanfani and Giovanni Giolitti are
still actually the sole men which became Prime ministers of Italy in
five different periods. However, the sum of the days of Fanfani's five
terms are 1571 (four years, 110 days), while Silvio Berlusconi spent 1801 days (four years, 340 days) at office in his second term only (2001 - 2006). Fanfani was one of the dominant figures of the Italian Christian Democrats for over three decades. Fanfani was born in Pieve Santo Stefano, in the province of Arezzo, Tuscany, to a large and humble family. He graduated in economics and business in 1932 from the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Milan.
He was the author of a number of important works on economic history
dealing with religion and the development of capitalism in the Renaissance and Reformation in Europe. His thesis was published in Italian and then in English as Catholicism, Capitalism and Protestantism in 1935. He joined the Italian fascist party supporting the corporatist ideas
of the regime promoting collaboration between the classes, which he
defended in many articles. "Some day," he once wrote, "the European
continent will be organized into a vast supranational area guided by
Italy and Germany. Those areas will take authoritarian governments and
synchronize their constitutions with Fascist principles." He also wrote for the official magazine of racism in Fascist Italy, The Defence of the Race (Italian: La difesa della razza). In 1938, he was among the 330 that signed the antisemitic Manifesto of Race (Italian: Manifesto della razza) – culminating in laws that stripped the Italian Jews of Italian citizenship and with it any position in the government or professions which many previous had. During the years he spent in Milan, he knew Giuseppe Dossetti and Giorgio La Pira.
They formed a group known as the "little professors" who lived
ascetically in monastery cells and walked barefoot. They formed the
nucleus of Democratic Initiative, an intensely Catholic but
economically reformist wing of the post-war Christian Democratic Party, holding meetings to discuss Catholicism and society. After the surrender of Italy with the Allied armed forces on September 8, 1943, the group disbanded. Until the Liberation in April 1945, Fanfani fled to Switzerland dodging military service, and organized university courses for refugee Italians. Upon
his return to Italy, he was elected vice-secretary of the newly founded
Christian Democratic Party. He was as one of the youngest party leaders
and a protégé of Alcide De Gasperi,
the undisputed leader of the party for the following decade. Fanfani
represented a particular ideological position, that of conservative
Catholics who favoured socio-economic interventionism, which was very
influential in the 1950s and 1960s but which gradually lost its appeal.
"Capitalism requires such a dread of loss," he once wrote, "such a
forgetfulness of human brotherhood, such a certainty that a man's
neighbour is merely a customer to be gained or a rival to be
overthrown, and all these are inconceivable in the Catholic conception
... There is an unbridgeable gulf between the Catholic and the
capitalist conception of life." Private economic initiative, in his view, was justifiable only if harnessed to the common good. He was elected to the Constituent Assembly,
and was a member of the Commission that drafted the text of the new
Republican Constitution. The first article of the new constitution
reflected Fanfani's philosophy. He proposed an article, which read:
"Italy is a democratic republic founded on work." In 1948 he was
elected to the Italian Chamber of Deputies. Under
de Gasperi, Fanfani took on a succession of ministries. He was Minister
of Labour from 1947 – 1948 and again from 1948 – 1950; Minister of
Agriculture from 1951 – 1953; as well as Minister of the Interior in 1953
in the caretaker government of Giuseppe Pella. As Minister of Labour, he developed the "Fanfani house" program for
government built workers' homes and put 200,000 of Italy's many
unemployed to work on a reforestation program. As Minister of
Agriculture, he set in motion much of the Christian Democrats' land
reform program. "He
can keep going for 36 hours on catnaps, apples and a few sips of
water," according to a news report in Time Magazine. Once, when someone
proposed Fanfani for yet another ministry, De Gasperi refused. "If I
keep on appointing Fanfani to various ministries, I am sure that one of
these days I will open the door to my study and find Fanfani sitting at
my desk," he said. After
De Gasperi's retirement in 1953 Fanfani emerged as the anticipated
successor, a role confirmed by his appointment as party secretary from
1954 - 1959. He
reorganized and rejuvenated the national party organization of the
Christian Democrats after the dependence on the church and the
government which had typified the De Gasperi period.
However,
his activist and sometimes authoritarian style, as well as his
reputation as an economic reformer, ensured that the moderates within
the DC, who opposed the state’s intrusion into the country’s economic
life, regarded him with distrust. His indefatigable energy and his
passion for efficiency carried him far in politics, but he was rarely
able to exploit fully the opportunities that he created. "Fanfani has
colleagues, associates, acquaintances and subordinates," one politician
once remarked. "But I have never heard much about his friends." After
the death of De Gasperi, from 1954 to the mid 1960s Fanfani's weight
both in the party and in national politics was at its height. He served
as Prime Minister in several governments, some of them short lived.
His first government in 1954 lasted only 21 days when it failed to win
approval in the Parliament. As Minister of the Interior, with orders to step up measures against Communist subversion, Fanfani had named young (35) Giulio Andreotti, another protégé of De Gasperi. He
became head of government again from July 1958 to January 1959, when
his steamroller tactics lost him the support of his own Christian
Democratic colleagues. He
learned from the experience, and became wiser in the ways of
cooperating and compromising. From July 1960 to February 1962, from
February 1962 to May 1963, he was Prime Minister once more, securing
the support of the Italian Socialist Party (Italian: Partito Socialista Italiano, PSI), thus involving the centre-left in Italian politics. He had been a leading proponent of such an "opening to the centre-left" for years. The opportunity arose when a liberal Pope, John XXIII,
was elected in 1958, and the Socialists loosened their ties with the
Communists. In February 1962 he reorganised his cabinet and gained the
benign abstention of the PSI leader Pietro Nenni. But
he was too powerful to be allowed to be the Prime Minister of the first
such government, which actually included the Socialists, and it was instead headed by Aldo Moro. He
failed to become president of the Republic in 1964, and for much of the
1960s he was forced in the background. A strong supporter of the European Economic Community (EEC), Fanfani was foreign minister in 1965 and in 1966 - 68. He also served (1965 – 66) as president of the United Nations General Assembly -
he is the only Italian to have held this office. In 1971 he was again
his party's candidate for the presidency, but in the secret ballot a
sizeable number of his own party colleagues failed to support him. As a
consolation, he was made Senator for life in 1972. He
was President of the Senate from 1968 to 1973. Fanfani became secretary
of the Christian Democrats for a second time in 1973. As such, he led
the campaign for the referendum on repealing the law allowing divorce,
which he fought in typically combative style, alienating the
pro-divorce groups unnecessarily, without achieving the victory that
would have given him predominance in his own party. The
defeat of the divorce referendum provoked his resignation as party
secretary in 1975. He had to content himself with the status of
President of the Senate, formally the second office of the state. In
the later part of his career his aspiration was to be elected President
of the Republic, but, notwithstanding the formal party nomination, he
never secured the sufficient support in the electoral college. From
1982 to 1983, Fanfani was Prime Minister for a fifth time. From 1985 to
1987, he was President of the Senate again. From April to July 1987, he
was Prime Minister for the sixth time. Fanfani was elected to the
prestigious post of chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the
Senate from 1994 - 1996. Fanfani died in Rome on
November 20, 1999. He saw the corporate state as the ideal, and in what
he calls a "temporary aberration" turned to Fascism. He has never tried
to hide his Fascist record; but unlike many of his countrymen, he
freely admits that he was wrong. He
held all positions and offices a politician could possibly aspire to,
except the one he craved most: president of the Republic. The
factionalism of the DC turned out to be the biggest obstacle to the
emergence of Fanfanismo, the pale Italian version of Gaullism, and one by one he lost his offices. |