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Charles XV & IV also Carl (Carl Ludvig Eugen); Swedish and Norwegian: Karl (3 May 1826 – 18 September 1872) was King of Sweden (Charles XV) and Norway (Charles IV) from 1859 until his death. Though known as King Charles XV in Sweden, he was actually the ninth Swedish king by that name, as his predecessor Charles IX (reigned 1604 – 1611) had adopted a numeral according to a fictitious history of Sweden. He was born in Stockholm Palace, Stockholm, and dubbed Duke of Skåne at birth. He was the eldest son of King Oscar I and Josephine of Leuchtenberg. He was given his first officer's commission in 1841 by his grandfather, Charles XIV John. After his father's accession to the throne in 1844, he was made a chancellor of the universities of Uppsala and Lund, and in 1853 chancellor of Royal Swedish Academy of Arts. On February 11, 1846, he was made an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The Crown Prince was Viceroy of Norway briefly
in 1856 and 1857. He became Regent on 25 September 1857, and king on
the death of his father on 8 July 1859. As grandson of Augusta of Bavaria, he was a descendant of Gustav I of Sweden and Charles IX of Sweden, whose blood returned to the throne after being lost in 1818 when Charles XIII of Sweden died. On 19 June 1850 he married in Stockholm Louise of the Netherlands, niece of William II of the Netherlands through her father and niece of William I of Prussia, German Emperor, through her mother.
The couple were personally quite dissimilar; Princess Louise was in
love with her husband, whereas he preferred other women. His well-known
mistresses included the countess Josephine Sparre, Wilhelmine Schröder and the actresses Hanna Styrell and Elise Hwasser,
the latter the most celebrated actress in Sweden during his reign, and
the Crown Prince neglected his shy wife. On the other hand, his
relationship to his only daughter, Louise, was warm and close. As
Crown Prince, Charles' brusque manner led many to regard his future
accession with some apprehension, yet he proved to be one of the most
popular of Scandinavian kings and a constitutional ruler in the best
sense of the word. His reign was remarkable for its manifold and
far-reaching reforms. Sweden's existing communal law (1862),
ecclesiastical law (1863) and criminal law (1864) were enacted
appropriately enough under the direction of a king whose motto was: Land skall med lag byggas - "With law shall the land be built". Charles also helped Louis De Geer to carry through his memorable reform of the Parliament of Sweden in 1866. He also declared the freedom of women by passing the law of legal majority for unmarried women in 1858 - his sister Princess Eugenie became the first woman who was declared mature. Charles was an advocate of Scandinavianism and the political solidarity of the three northern kingdoms, and his friendship with Frederick VII of Denmark, it is said, led him to give half promises of help to Denmark on
the eve of the war of 1864, which, in the circumstances, were perhaps
misleading and unjustifiable. In view, however, of the unpreparedness
of the Swedish army and the difficulties of the situation, Charles was
forced to observe a strict neutrality. He died in Malmö on 18 September 1872. Charles
XV attained some eminence as a painter and as a poet. He was followed
on both the thrones of Norway and Sweden by his brother Oscar II. In 1855 he became the 990th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Spain. A
few weeks before Charles' death, his daughter Louise (then the Crown
Princess of Denmark) gave birth to her second son. The young Prince of
Denmark became christened as grandfather Charles' namesake. In 1905
this grandson, Prince Carl of Denmark, ascended the throne of Norway, becoming thus his maternal grandfather's successor in that country, and assumed the reign name Haakon VII. The present king, Harald V of Norway, is Charles' great-great-grandson, through his father and mother. No
subsequent king of Sweden to this day is Charles' descendant. However,
his descendants are or have been on the thrones of Denmark, Luxembourg,
Greece, Belgium and Norway. |