Guadalupe Victoria (September 29, 1786 – March 21, 1843) born José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix, was a Mexican politician and military man who fought for independence against the Spanish Empire in the Mexican War of Independence. He was a deputy for Durango and a member of the Supreme Executive Power. He also served as the first president of Mexico.

During his term as President he established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom, the United States of America, the Federal Republic of Central America and the Gran Colombia; also defeated the last Spanish stronghold in the castle of San Juan de Ulúa. He abolished slavery, founded the National Museum, promoted education, decreed the law of expulsion of the Spaniards and ratified the border with the United States of America. Victoria was the only President who completed his full term in more than 30 years of an independent Mexico. He died in 1843 at the age of 58 from epilepsy in the fortress of Perote, where he was receiving medical treatment. On April 8, of the same year, it was decreed that his name would be written in golden letters in the session hall of the Chamber of Deputies. His remains lie in the Column of Independence, which also holds those of Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Maria Morelos. Guadalupe Victoria is considered Benemérito de la Patria (English: Worthy of the Nation).

Guadalupe Victoria was born on September 29, 1786 in Tamazula, Nueva Vizcaya (now state of Durango), his parents, who died early in his childhood, were Manuel Fernández and Alejandra Félix. He was baptized by his paternal uncle Agustín Fernández, at that time the priest of Tamazula, with whom he lived after being orphaned.

He studied at the Seminary of Durango and having no resources to pay for food; he made copies of a text of Latin grammar to sell to other students for two reales. In 1807 he went to Mexico City, where he enrolled in the college of San Ildefonso to pursue degrees in Canon Law and Civil Law. He studied under a tense atmosphere, because the school was militarized by a colonial order. On April 24, 1811, he submitted his review and graduated as Bachelor of Laws.

In 1812 he joined the insurgent forces of Hermenegildo Galeana, fought alongside José María Morelos at the siege of Cuautla, participated in the assault on Oaxaca and joined the troops of Nicolas Bravo in Veracruz. He dedicated himself and his troops to controlling the passage of El Puente del Rey and became famous because of his successful attacks on military convoys until 1815, when he was defeated.

The assault of Oaxaca was a military action which took place on November 25, 1812, in the city of Oaxaca, Oaxaca. Insurgents led by José María Morelos defeated the royalist forces of Lieutenant General Gonzalez Saravia. Among the members of the insurgent forces that participated in the assault of Oaxaca were Hermenegildo Galeana, Nicolás Bravo, Mariano Matamoros, Manuel Mier y Terán, Vicente Guerrero and Guadalupe Victoria. Guadalupe Victoria participated in the battle in the Juego de Pelota, which was surrounded by a moat that insurgent soldiers did not dare to cross; Guadalupe Victoria threw his sword across the moat and said ¡va mi espada en prenda, voy por ella! (English: there goes my sword as pledge, I'm going for it). He then swam across the moat and cut the rope of a bridge, which permitted the entry of the insurgent troops to the city. The loss of Oaxaca was a heavy strike to the colonial government, because it gave great military prestige to Morelos, as well as a privileged geographical position because of the roads and towns that could be controlled from that site.

Due to his success in Oaxaca, by order of the Congress of Chilpancingo Victoria was granted the command of the insurgent army in Veracruz. At the same time, José Miguel Fernández y Félix, decided to change his name to Guadalupe, due his devotion to the Virgin of Guadalupe and Victoria for the victory.

In 1815, Victoria commanded the insurgent movement in the region of Veracruz and using guerrilla warfare obtained control of Puente del Rey, a strategic position that connected Xalapa with the port of Veracruz. When he learned that royalist troops were coming to fight, he reinforced the defenses on the bridge, but was still forced to retreat to Nautla in July of that year. In order to have a point of supply from the Gulf of Mexico, Victoria took control of Boquilla de Piedras; located between Tuxpan and the port of Veracruz. This port was fitted with docks, warehouses and batteries for its defense and remained under the control of Victoria until November 1816, when it was recovered by the royalist army. Shortly after Naolinco became the headquarters of the insurgents and from there they controlled the area of Misantla, Puente Nacional and Huatusco.

Also in 1816, when the new viceroy Juan Ruiz de Apodaca arrived at New Spain, Victoria attacked his convoy to Mexico City, and came very close to capturing him.

In late 1816, Victoria held back Nautla defeating the royalist garrison. He also occupied Barra de Palmas, Barra Nueva and La Laguna. The strong royalist offensive, as well as the lack of military equipment resulted in the occupied positions being recovered by the Spaniards in February 1817. By mid-1817, Guadalupe Victoria had lost all the towns of his command. After his defeat in Palmillas, he was abandoned by his men and faced intense persecution. He hid in the jungle where he survived eating herbs, fruits and animals. He refused to accept a pardon from the Viceroy for his actions and remained hidden in the jungles of Veracruz, where he developed epilepsy. His sporadic appearances in the towns urned him into a legend among the inhabitants of the region. Guadalupe Victoria spent almost four years hiding in the jungle. They were difficult years for the independence movement and the colonial government thought that the movement was suppressed. During this time most of the insurgents accepted the pardon; just Vicente Guerrero kept up the fight.

The installation of the Cortes of Cadiz and the deterioration of the Spanish monarchy on the Iberian Peninsula, helped revitalize the struggle for independence at the end of 1820. Victoria was informed about the progress of the insurrection and reappeared on December 30 of that year in the town of Soledad, where a small garrison quickly joined him.

On February 24, 1821, Agustin de Iturbide and Vicente Guerrero proclaimed the Plan of Iguala. Iturbide began a tour around the Bajío region to spread the movement. Several royalist military joined the Plan of Iguala and so did some retired insurgent leaders including Nicolás Bravo and Ignacio López Rayón. Guadalupe Victoria also joined. On April 6, Victoria proclaimed the independence in the town of Soledad. In late May, with the exception of the capital, the province of Veracruz was up in arms.

The Army of the Three Guarantees was created on February 24, 1821, and continued battling Spanish royalist forces which refused to accept Mexican independence. These battles continued until August 21, 1821, when Iturbide and Spanish Viceroy Juan O'Donojú signed the Treaty of Córdoba.

On September 27, 1821, the Army of the Three Guarantees entered Mexico City, forming a column headed by Agustín de Iturbide. Among the officers who entered the city that day were Pedro Celestino Negrete, Vicente Guerrero, Nicolás Bravo, Anastasio Bustamante, José Joaquín de Herrera, Luis Quintanar, Miguel Barragán, Vicente Filisola and Antonio López de Santa Anna. On September 28, 1821 the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire was signed.

Guadalupe Victoria met with Agustín de Iturbide on June 17, 1821, in San Juan del Río and asked him to adapt the Plan of Iguala to create a republican government. Victoria recommended as ruler a former insurgent, who was unmarried and had not accepted the pardon. This man would marry a Guatemalan indigenous woman to unite both territories into a single nation. Iturbide refused the proposition. Both men supported the independence, but felt a mutual distrust.

A Regency was created to serve as Executive, which was led by Iturbide, who ruled until May 18, 1822 when he was proclaimed Emperor. Iturbide chose all members of the Provisional Governing Board, which would serve as Legislative and which ruled until February 24, 1822 when the first Constitutional Congress was installed. Almost all members were notable for their social position, their wealth and titles. They were also all former fervent supporters of the Spanish rule and none of the former insurgents such as Vicente Guerrero, Nicolás Bravo, Ignacio López Rayón, Guadalupe Victoria and Andrés Quintana Roo were called to participate in the Board.

In early 1822, some of the former insurgents with Republican ideas began meeting at the house of Miguel Domínguez in Querétaro. They wrote to Pedro Celestino Negrete inviting him to participate, but he thought that it was a conspiracy and told Iturbide. Seventeen people were arrested, including Guadalupe Victoria, Nicolás Bravo and Miguel Barragán. The "conspiracy" was only meetings during which they talked about the future of government. Almost immediately, participants were released, with the exception of Guadalupe Victoria who remained jailed, but who soon after escaped from prison and hid in Veracruz.

Congress asked to review the case of Guadalupe Victoria, who had been elected deputy by Durango. Victoria was a fugitive, indicted on charges of conspiracy. He was requested to present himself to congress but he kept hidden.

On July 21, 1822, Agustín de Iturbide was crowned Emperor of Mexico. The Constitutional Empire soon demonstrated the incompatibility of its two main parts, the Emperor and the Constituent Congress. The deputies were imprisoned for expressing their disagreement with Iturbide and finally, Iturbide decided to eliminate the Congress, establishing instead a National Board. The lack of Congress, the arbitrary actions of the Emperor and the absence of solutions to the serious problems that the country was facing, led to various conspiracies to change the imperial system. Antonio López de Santa Anna proclaimed the Plan of Casa Mata and was later joined by Vicente Guerrero and Nicolás Bravo. On December 6, 1822, Guadalupe Victoria came out of hiding to join the movement. Knowing his reputation and popularity, Santa Anna appointed him leader of the movement and together they proclaimed the Plan of Veracruz.

On December 21, Santa Anna was defeated by General Calderón. Forced to retreat, on December 24 he met with a group of 300 troops of Guadalupe Victoria in Puente del Rey. Santa Anna again took advantage of the popularity of Guadalupe Victoria by encouraging people to join the cause. When Santa Anna and Victoria were defeated, Santa Anna tried to flee to the United States and Victoria said to him:"

On January 22, 1823, Santa Anna reported to Victoria: I was attacked from all directions by the imperial forces. On February 1, 1823, a radical shift occurred when the imperial Generals Echávarri, Lobato and Cortázar signed the Plan of Casa Mata. Iturbide was forced to reestablish the Congress and in a vain attempt to save the order and keep a favorable situation for his supporters, he abdicated the crown of the Empire on March 19, 1823. On March 26, 1823, it was determined that Iturbide would have to leave the country with his family. He was escorted by General Nicolas Bravo as requested by the former emperor.

On March 31, 1823, Congress met and granted the Executive role to a triumvirate named Supreme Executive Power; whose members were Pedro Celestino Negrete, Nicolás Bravo and Guadalupe Victoria, with alternates being Miguel Domínguez, Mariano Michelena and Vicente Guerrero. On April 7, 1823, the Congress nullified the designation of Iturbide as Emperor and therefore the recognition of his abdication and made it seem as if the coronation of Iturbide was a logical mistake in the establishment of Independence. Congress abolished the Plan of Iguala and the Treaty of Córdoba, leaving the country free to choose any system of government.

Despite being elected to be part of the Supreme Executive Power, Victoria remained in military control of Veracruz, where he oversaw the transportation of Iturbide to Europe and organized resistance against Spanish attacks from San Juan de Ulúa. The Supreme Executive Power was commissioned to direct the former provinces, now Free States, to create the Federal Republic and also to call elections for a new constituent congress. The Executive had to overcome a series of political difficulties such as the case of the Central American provinces that chose not to join the Mexican Federation and the provinces of Oaxaca, Yucatán, Jalisco and Zacatecas that declared themselves free and sovereign states. They also faced a conspiracy of supporters of Iturbide and an anti-Spanish rebellion.

On January 31, 1824, the Constitutive Act of the Federation was approved, which was an interim status of the new government. The nation formally assumed sovereignty and was made up of free, sovereign and independent states. During the following months, the constitutional debates continued.

On October 4, 1824, the Federal Constitution of United Mexican States was proclaimed. The Congress called for presidential elections in August 1824. Each state legislature would appoint two candidates, and the two who received the most votes would be elected as president and vice president. The results were announced on October 1 and by majority of 17 states, Guadalupe Victoria was elect president of the Republic.

On October 2, Guadalupe Victoria was declared the first president of the United Mexican States for the period 1825 - 1829. On October 8, the president and vice president Nicolás Bravo swore to uphold the constitution. Guadalupe Victoria took office as interim president from October 10, 1824 to March 31 of 1825. His constitutional term in office began on April 1, 1825. The inauguration was solemn and austere as required by his republicanism; that day, Victoria affirmed ¡La Independencia se afianzará con mi sangre y la libertad se perderá con mi vida! (English: Independence will be reinforced with my blood and freedom will be lost with my life).

As president of the new Republic, Victoria was in charge of rebuilding the economy which was devastated by the long war of independence and the economic blockade promoted by the Spanish crown. To resolve the lack of supplies, a result of the trade embargo, he created the country's merchant marine, which conducted trade through the ports of the American countries that had recognized the national independence and with which diplomatic relations were established. However his main concern was to achieve recognition from European countries.

The government of Victoria was hampered by severe financial problems. His expenses averaged $18 million pesos annually but he was only collecting half that amount in revenues. In order to resolve that, Victoria was forced to seek foreign aid. The United Kingdom knowing how hard pressed Victoria was (the Army alone accounted for $12 million pesos of the budget), persuaded him to accept two loans, each of over $3 million pounds. These loans, negotiated through such banking houses as Barclay and Goldschmidt, averted bankruptcy and helped retain social peace, factors that undoubtedly enabled Victoria to serve out his full term.

Despite these financial problems, there were some highly positive aspects to Victoria's administration. Two of the first president's most positive achievements were the establishment of the National Treasury and the abolition of slavery, which were declared on September 16, 1825, when he held for the first time El Grito de Dolores. In addition, he established the Military Academy, restored Mexico City, improved education, accorded amnesty to political prisoners, laid plans for a canal in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, opened new ports for shipping, began construction on the National Museum, garrisoned Yucatán to thwart a contemplated Cuba based Spanish invasion and unmasked a conspiracy led by a monk named Joaquin Arenas to restore Spanish rule.

Victoria also facilitated the activities of the Lancasterian Society which was dedicated to education and he created the Naval Force that allowed his greatest achievement: the complete independence of Mexico, when on November 18, 1825, general Miguel Barragán took the last Spanish stronghold, the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa in Veracruz.

In politics his actions were conciliatory, he tried to apply a policy that would attract different sides, and formed his cabinet with prominent members of the different factions. However, the old conflicts since the days of Iturbide resurfaced. Victoria faced the contradiction of religious intolerance to the freedom of speech and press which were declared in the Constitution, which he scrupulously observed.

On December 20, 1827, he decreed the expulsion of Spaniards of the Republic. The suppressed rebellion of Joaquín Arenas, sparked a wave of outrage against the wealthy Spaniards who had sponsored it. Though Lucas Alaman, his Secretary of the Interior tried to dissuade him, American ambassador Joel R. Poinsett, encouraged Victoria to order the expulsion of the Spaniards, which caused serious economic problems, because most of those expelled were traders who brought their fortunes to Spain.

The War of Independence ruined fields, towns, trade and mining. The government had no effective ways of collecting additional taxes to the customs and the government operated under debit and salary arrears. Under these conditions it was difficult to undertake an effective strategy for the surrender of San Juan de Ulúa. Despite this, Victoria's government bought some boats to form the basis of the first Mexican Navy. They included the schooners Iguala, Anáhuac, Chalco, Chapala, Texcoco, Orizaba, Campechana and Zumpango. The schooners Tampico, Papaloapan and Tlaxcalteca were added later. Finally, on November 23, 1825, the frigate Captain Pedro Sainz de Baranda achieved the capitulation of San Juan de Ulúa, the last Spanish bastion in Mexico.

Guadalupe Victoria rejected 2 bids over Texas offered by American ambassador Joel R. Poinsett, including one for $5 million dollars. On August 18, 1824, a decree was issued to populate the Northern Territories (Alta California, Nuevo México and the north side of the state of Coahuila y Texas), the decree left the administration of public lands in the hands of the states. On March 24, 1825, the congress passed a law to fully open the doors to foreign colonization; the law gave the settlers land privileges and exemption from taxes for ten years. The immigration of Americans was abundant and communities quickly formed that retained their language, religion and customs, resulting in weak links with the rest of the country. They disobeyed the laws and continued slavery in the Mexican territory. In 1826, the first attempt of separatism was made when empresario Haden Edwards, declared independence from the state of Coahuila y Texas and created the Republic of Fredonia near Nacogdoches, Texas. The rebellion was quickly quelled. As a direct result of Edwards's actions, Victoria authorized an extensive expedition, conducted by General Manuel Mier y Teran, to inspect the Texas settlements and recommend a future course of action. Mier y Teran's reports led to the Laws of April 6, 1830, which severely restricted immigration into Texas.

During his term, Guadalupe Victoria faced several attempted coups d'état against his government. Seven months after the beginning of his administration the first attempt was discovered. Another was discovered in late 1827. On December 23, 1827, the Scottish Lodge declared the Plan of Montaño in Tulancingo, (now state of Hidalgo) which was based on 4 points:

• The extinction of secret societies.
• The change of government.
• The expulsion of U.S. ambassador Joel R. Poinsett.
• Strict compliance to the Constitution.

Vice President Nicolas Bravo, head of the revolt, claimed that his sole purpose was to release the Congress and the government of Victoria from the influence of the Yorker Lodge. The plan called mainly for the reorganization of government, which had showed serious deficiencies in the control of public revenues and the expulsion of the United States representative on the grounds that his country meddled in domestic affairs. (Joel R. Poinsett was expelled from Mexico on January 3, 1830, for that reason). The uprising was suppressed by Vicente Guerrero on January 6, 1828, after a weak resistance. Nicolas Bravo was expelled from the country while other mutineers were imprisoned.

Mutiny of La Acordada (Spanish: Motín de la Acordada), was a revolt held on November 30, 1828 by General Jose Maria Lobato, Colonel Santiago García and Lorenzo de Zavala against the government of Guadalupe Victoria when they learned that he supported Manuel Gómez Pedraza in the presidential elections. For the elections of 1828, the Yorker Lodge presented as candidate the Minister of War Manuel Gomez Pedraza. The Scottish Lodge presented as candidate Vicente Guerrero, an independence hero and victor in the last conspiracy against the government. The elections were held on September 1, 1828, the winner was Manuel Gomez Pedraza. Vicente Guerrero rejected the results and organized a revolution. The revolutionary troops demanded the resignation of President Victoria and that he be replaced by Guerrero. Meanwhile, Gomez Pedraza fled from Mexico City waving his right to the presidency. That was seized upon by the mob which went to El Parian, core of the Mexican trade and began looting and burning shops and stores, ruining hundreds of Spanish, Mexican and foreign traders. As a result, in early 1829, Congress annulled the election of 1828 and elected Vicente Guerrero as President. Victoria delivered the presidency to him, when his term ended on April 1, 1829.

One of the main goals of Guadalupe Victoria was the recognition of Mexico as an independent nation by a European power, he finally got the recognition following the establishment of diplomatic relations with the United Kingdon, the United States of America, the Federal Republic of Central America and the Gran Colombia. That reduced the problems caused by the economic embargo imposed by the Spanish crown. The economic problems were further reduced, when several British companies began mining operations in Mexico, which resulted in a large influx of capital. He also ratified the contents of the Adams – Onís Treaty and thus established the border with the United States. Victoria also declared that no proposals would be heard from Spain, until they recognized Mexican independence and the form of government established and agreed to never ask for indemnification for the loss of Mexico.

Another memorable international accomplishment of Guadalupe Victoria was his support for Pan American Union proposed by Simón Bolívar, which resulted in the signing of an agreement called Tratado de Unión, Liga y Confederación Perpetua (English: Treaty of Union, League and Perpetual Confederation) between the republics of Colombia, Central America, Perú and the United Mexican States. He also provided financial assistance to Simón Bolívar to help obtain Peru's total independence from Spain.

After completing his term Victoria retired from public life to manage personal affairs in his hacienda El Jobo in Veracruz. When Victoria gave the presidency to his successor, Vicente Guerrero, he said:

In 1832, the Government of the Republic knowing his diplomatic and negotiating skills, asked him to assist in the pacification of Santa Anna who had taken up arms to demand that the Presidency of the Republic be delivered to General Manuel Gómez Pedraza. A year later, in 1833, he was elected senator for the states of Veracruz and Durango, joining the Public Debt Committee of the Senate. At the same time, he fought against rebellions in Veracruz and Oaxaca. While serving as Senator his health began to seriously deteriorate and he began having recurrent seizures which prevented him from completing his term as Governor of Puebla, a position he held for less than five months.

Victoria returned to the Senate and in 1835 was elected president of the Senate. At that time he undertook a vigorous fight against a proposal that sought to change the federal republic to a central republic. A few days before returning to the Senate, in Puebla, he stated his position:

In November 1836 he was appointed military commander of Veracruz but he resigned in December of that year to show disagreement to the proclamation of the first Central Republic. In 1838, his diplomatic intervention was crucial to avoid a war against the French in the incident known as the Pastry War. On March 9, 1839, he was successful with the signing of a peace treaty with France. That was his last public activity.

In 1841, he married María Antonieta Bretón y Velázquez and very soon his health was broken by his epileptic condition. He moved to the Castle of Perote to receive medical treatment and he died there on March 21, 1843. He was buried there.

Guadalupe Victoria was declared by Congress Benemérito de la Patria (English: Worthy of the Nation) on August 25, 1843 and his name was written in golden letters in the session hall of the Chamber of Deputies. In 1863, his remains were moved to Puebla by General Alejandro García and were placed in the Column of Independence in Mexico City.

On August 15, 2010, in celebration of the bicentennial of the beginning of the independence of Mexico, his remains were moved to National Palace and will remain on display until July 30, 2011, when will be returned to the Column of Independence.

Guadalupe Victoria is a national hero, worthy of the nation, founder and builder of Mexico. There are many monuments, statues, schools, hospitals, libraries, cities, towns, streets and places named after him in Mexico; the most outstanding are Ciudad Victoria, the capital of the state of Tamaulipas, the capital city of Victoria de Durango, Tamazula de Victoria and Ciudad Guadalupe Victoria in the state of Durango, Guadalupe Victoria in the state of Puebla, Victoria City and Victoria County, in the United States; the frigate ARM Victoria (F-213) and General Guadalupe Victoria International Airport.