April 22, 2010 <Back to Index>
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Anne Louise Germaine de Staël-Holstein (22 April 1766 – 14 July 1817), commonly known as Madame de Staël, was a French-speaking Swiss author living in Paris and abroad. She influenced literary tastes in Europe at the turn of the 19th century. Born Anne Louise Germaine Necker in Paris, France, she was the daughter of the prominent Swiss statesman Jacques Necker, who was the Director of Finance under King Louis XVI of France, and Suzanne Curchod, almost equally famous as the early love of Edward Gibbon, as the wife of Necker himself, and as the mistress of one of the most popular salons of Paris. Between mother and daughter there was, however, little sympathy. Mme Necker, despite her talents, her beauty and her fondness for philosophic society, was strictly decorous, somewhat reserved, and disposed to carry out in her daughter's case the rigorous discipline of her own childhood. The future Mme de Staël was from her earliest years a romp, a coquette, and passionately desirous of prominence and attention. There seems moreover to have been a sort of rivalry between mother and daughter for the chief place in Necker's affections, and it is not probable that the daughter's love for her mother was increased by the consciousness of her own inferiority in personal charms. Mme Necker was of a most refined though somewhat lackadaisical style of beauty, while her daughter was a plain child and a plainer woman, whose sole attractions were large and striking eyes and a buxom figure. She was, however, a child of unusual intellectual power, and she began very early to write though not to publish. She is said to have injured her health by excessive study and intellectual excitement. But in reading all the accounts of Mme de Staël's life which come from herself or her intimate friends, it must be carefully remembered that she was the most distinguished and characteristic product of the period of sensibility — the singular fashion of ultra-sentimentalism — which required that both men and women, but especially women, should be always palpitating with excitement, steeped in melancholy, or dissolved in tears. Still, there is no doubt that her father's dismissal from the ministry and the consequent removal of the family from the busy life of Paris, were beneficial to her. During part of the next few years they resided in the Swiss village of Coppet at the Château de Coppet, her father's estate on Lake Geneva,
which she herself made famous. But other parts were spent in travelling
about, chiefly in the south of France. They returned to Paris, or at
least to its neighborhood, in 1785, and Mlle Necker resumed literary
work of a miscellaneous kind, including a novel, Sophie, printed in 1786, and a tragedy, Jeanne Grey, published in 1790. It
became, however, a question of marrying her. Her want of beauty was
compensated by her fortune. But her parents are said to have objected
to her marrying a Roman Catholic, which, in France, considerably
limited her choice. There is a legend that William Pitt the Younger thought
of her; the somewhat notorious lover of Mlle de Lespinasse, Guibert, a
cold-hearted coxcomb of some talent, certainly paid her addresses. But
she finally married baron Erik Magnus Staël von Holstein, who was first an attaché of the Swedish legation,
and then minister. For a great heiress and a very ambitious girl the
marriage scarcely seemed brilliant, for Staël had no fortune and
no very great personal distinction. A singular series of negotiations,
however, secured from the king of Sweden a promise of the
ambassadorship for twelve years and a pension in case of its
withdrawal, and the marriage took place on 14 January 1786. The
husband was thirty-seven, the wife twenty. Mme de Staël was
accused of extravagance, and latterly an amicable separation of goods
had to be effected between the pair. But this was a mere legal
formality, and on the whole the marriage seems to have met the views of
both parties, neither of whom had any affection for the other. The
baron obtained money and the lady obtained, as a guaranteed
ambassadress of a foreign power of consideration, a much higher
position at court and in society than she could have secured by
marrying almost any Frenchman, without the inconveniences which might
have been expected had she married a Frenchman superior to herself in
rank. Mme de Staël was not a persona grata at
court, but she seems to have played the part of ambassadress, as she
played most parts, in a rather noisy and exaggerated manner, but not
ill. Then in 1788 she appeared as an author under her own name (Sophie had been already published, but anonymously) with some Lettres sur J. J. Rousseau,
a fervid panegyric which demonstrated evident talent but little in the
way of critical discernment. She was at this time, and indeed
generally, enthusiastic for a mixture of Rousseauism and
constitutionalism in politics. Her Novels were best sellers and her
literary criticism was highly influential, when she was allowed to live
in Paris she greatly encouraged any political dissident from Napoleon's
regime. She exulted in the meeting of the estates general, and most of all when her father, after being driven to Brussels by a state intrigue, was once more recalled and triumphantly escorted into Paris. This triumph however was short-lived. Her
first child, a boy, was born the week before Necker finally left France
in unpopularity and disgrace; and the increasing disturbances of the Revolution made
her privileges as ambassadress very important safeguards. She visited
Coppet once or twice, but for the most part in the early days of the
revolutionary period she was in Paris taking an interest in, and
attending the Assembly, and holding a salon on the Rue de Bac, attended by Talleyrand, Abbé Delille, Clermont-Tonnerre, and Gouverneur Morris. At last, the day before the September massacres (1792), she fled, befriended by Manuel and Tallien.
Her own account of her escape is, as usual, so florid that it provokes
the question whether she was really in any danger. Directly it does not
seem that she was; but she had generously strained the privileges of
the embassy to protect some threatened friends, and this was a serious
matter. She then moved to Coppet, and there gathered round her a considerable number of friends and fellow-refugees, the beginning of the salon which
at intervals during the next twenty-five years made the place so
famous. In 1793, however, she made a visit of some length to England, and establi emigrants: Talleyrand, Narbonne, Montmorency, Jaucourt and
others. There was not a little scandal about her relations with
Narbonne; and this Mickleham sojourn (the details of which are known
from, among other sources, the letters of Fanny Burney) has never been altogether satisfactorily accounted for. In
the summer she returned to Coppet and wrote a pamphlet on the queen's
execution. The next year her mother died, and the fall of Robespierre
opened the way back to Paris. Her husband (whose mission had been in
abeyance and himself in Holland for
three years) was accredited to the French republic by the regent of
Sweden; his wife reopened her salon and for a time was conspicuous in
the motley and eccentric society of the Directory. She also published several small works, the chief being an essay Sur l'influence des passions (1796), and another Sur la litérature considérée dans ses rapports avec les institutions sociales (1800). It was during these years that Mme de Staël was of chief political importance. Narbonne's place had been supplanted by Benjamin Constant,
whom she first met at Coppet in 1794, and who had a very great
influence over her, as in return she had over him. Both personal and
political reasons threw her into opposition to Bonaparte.
Her own preference for a moderate republic or a constitutional monarchy
was quite sincere, and, even if it had not been so, her own character
and Napoleon's were too much alike in some points to admit of their
getting on together. For some years, however, she was able to alternate
between Coppet and Paris without difficulty, though not without knowing
that the First Consul disliked her. In 1797 she, as above mentioned,
separated formally from her husband. In 1799 he was recalled by the
king of Sweden, and in 1802 he died, duly attended by her. Besides a
daughter (Gustavine, 1787-1789) who died in infancy and the eldest son
Auguste Louis (1790-1827), they had two other children — a son Albert
(1792-1813), and a daughter Albertine (1797-1838), who afterwards married Victor, 3rd duc de Broglie. The paternity of these children is uncertain. The
date of the beginning of what Mme de Staël's admirers call her
duel with Napoleon is not easy to determine. Judging from the title of
her book Dix annees d'exil,
it should be put at 1804; judging from the time at which it became
pretty clear that the first man in France and she who wished to be the
first woman in France were not likely to get on together, it might be
put several years earlier. Napoleon said about her, according to the
Memoirs of Mme. de Remusat, that she "teaches people to think who never
thought before, or who had forgotten how to think." The
whole question of this duel, however, requires consideration from the
point of view of common sense. It displeased Napoleon no doubt that Mme
de Staël should show herself recalcitrant to his influence. But it
probably pleased Mme de Staël to quite an equal degree that
Napoleon should apparently put forth his power to crush her and fail.
Both personages had a curious touch of charlatanerie. If
Mme de Staël had really desired to take up her struggle against
Napoleon seriously, she need only have established herself in England
at the peace of Amiens.
But she lingered on at Coppet, where she was shadowed by Napoleon's
spies due to her tendency to defy Napoleon's orders, firstly that she
keep away from Paris, and later out of France altogether, leaving her
restless and lonely in rural Switzerland and constantly yearning after
her beloved Paris. In 1802 she published the first of her really noteworthy books, the novel Delphine, in which the femme incomprise was
in a manner introduced to French literature, and in which she herself
and not a few of her intimates appeared in transparent disguise. In the
autumn of 1803 she returned to Paris. Had she not made her anxiety
about the question of exile so public, it remains a question whether
Napoleon would have exiled her; but, as she began at once appealing to
all sorts of persons to protect her, he seems to have thought it better
that she should not be protected. She was directed not to reside within
forty leagues of Paris, and after considerable delay she determined to
go to Germany. She journeyed, in company with Constant, by Metz and Frankfurt to Weimar, and arrived there in December. There she stayed during the winter and then went to Berlin, where she made the acquaintance of August Wilhelm Schlegel, who afterwards became one of her intimates at Coppet. Thence she travelled to Vienna, where, in April, the news of her father's dangerous illness and shortly of his death (8 April) reached her. She
returned to Coppet, and found herself its wealthy and independent
mistress, but her sorrow for her father was deep and certainly sincere.
She spent the summer at the chateau with a brilliant company; in the autumn she journeyed to Italy accompanied by Schlegel and Sismondi, and there gathered the materials of her most famous work, Corinne, whose main protagonist was inspired by the Italian poet Diodata Saluzzo Roero. She returned in the summer of 1805, and spent nearly a year in writing Corinne; in 1806 she broke the decree of exile and lived for a time undisturbed near Paris. In 1807 Corinne,
the first aesthetic romance not written in German, appeared. The
publication was taken as a reminder of her existence, and the police of
the empire sent her back to Coppet. She stayed there as usual for the
summer, and then set out once more for Germany, visiting Mayence,
Frankfurt, Berlin and Vienna. She was again at Coppet in the summer of
1808 (in which year Constant broke with her, subsequently marrying Charlotte von Hardenberg) and set to work at her book, De l'Allemagne. It took her nearly the whole of the next two years, during which she did not travel much or far from her own house. She had bought property in America and thought of moving there, but she was determined to publish De l'Allemagne in
Paris. Straining under French censorship, she wrote to the emperor a
provoking and perhaps undignified letter. Napoleon’s mean spirited
reply to her letter was the condemnation of the whole edition of her
book (ten thousand copies) as not French, and her own exile from the
country. She
retired once more to Coppet, where she was not at first interfered
with, and she found consolation in a young officer of Swiss origin named Albert de Rocca,
twenty-three years her junior, whom she married privately in 1811. The
intimacy of their relations could escape no one at Coppet, but the fact
of the marriage (which seems to have been happy enough) was not
certainly known till after her death. They had one son, Louis-Alphonse
de Rocca (1812-1842), who would marry Marie-Louise-Antoinette de
Rambuteau, daughter of Claude-Philibert Barthelot de Rambuteau. The
operations of the imperial police in regard to Mme de Staël are
rather obscure. She was at first left undisturbed, but by degrees the
chateau itself became taboo, and her visitors found themselves punished
heavily. Mathieu de Montmorency and Mme Récamier were
exiled for the crime of seeing her; and she at last began to think of
doing what she ought to have done years before and withdrawing herself
entirely from Napoleon's sphere. In the complete subjection of the
Continent which preceded the Russian War this
was not so easy as it would have been earlier, and she remained at home
during the winter of 1811, writing and planning. On 23 May she left
Coppet almost secretly, and journeyed through Bern, Innsbruck and Salzburg on her way to Vienna. There she obtained an Austrian passport to the frontier, and after some fears and trouble, receiving a Russian passport in Galicia, she at last escaped from Napoleon's omnipotent eyes and far reach. She journeyed slowly through Russia and Finland to Sweden, making a stay at Saint Petersburg, spent the winter in Stockholm,
and then set out for England. Here she received a brilliant reception
and was much lionized during the season of 1813. She published De l'Allemagne in
the autumn, was saddened by the death of her second son Albert, who had
entered the Swedish army and fell in a duel brought on by gambling,
undertook her Considérations sur la révolution française, and when Louis XVIII had been restored returned to Paris. She
was in Paris when the news of Napoleon's landing arrived and at once
fled to Coppet, but a singular story, much discussed, is current of her
having approved Napoleon's return. There is no direct evidence of it,
but the conduct of her close ally Constant may be quoted in its
support, and it is certain that she had no affection for the Bourbons. In October, after Waterloo, she set out for Italy, not only for the advantage of her own health but for that of her second husband, Rocca, who was dying of consumption. Her daughter married Duke Victor de Broglie on 20 February 1816, at Pisa, and became the wife and mother of French statesmen of distinction. The whole family returned to Coppet in June, and Lord Byron now
frequently visited Mme de Staël there. Despite her increasing
ill-health she returned to Paris for the winter of 1816-1817, and her
salon was much frequented. But she had already become confined to her
room if not to her bed. She died on 14 July, and Rocca survived her
little more than six months. |