July 11, 2010 <Back to Index>
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Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville (1697–1782), perhaps the greatest geographical author of the 18th century, was born at Paris on the 11th of July 1697. Both a geographer and cartographer,
he greatly improved the standards of map-making. His maps of ancient
geography, characterized by careful, accurate work and based largely on
original research, are especially valuable. He left unknown areas of
continents blank and noted doubtful information as such; compared to
the lavish maps of his predecessors, his maps looked empty. His passion for geographical research displayed itself from early years: at the age of twelve he was already amusing himself by drawing maps for Latin authors. Later, his friendship with the antiquarian, Abbé Longuerue, greatly aided his studies. His first serious map, that of Ancient Greece, was published when he was fifteen. At the age of twenty-two, he was appointed one the king's geographers, and began to attract the attention of first authorities. D'Anville's studies embraced everything of geographical nature in the world's literature, as far as he could muster it: for this purpose, he not only searched ancient and modern historians, travelers and narrators of every description, but also poets, orators and philosophers. One of his cherished subjects was to reform geography by putting an end to the blind copying of older maps, by testing the commonly accepted positions of places through a rigorous examination of all the descriptive authority, and by excluding from cartography every name inadequately supported. Vast spaces, which had before been bordered with countries and cities, were thus suddenly reduced mostly to a blank. D'Anville
was at first employed in the humbler task of illustrating by maps the
works of different travellers, such as Marchais, Charlevoix, Labat and du Halde. For the history of China by the last-named writer he was employed to make an atlas, which was published separately at the Hague in
1737. In 1735 and 1736 he published two treatises on the figure of the
earth; but these attempts to solve geometrical problems by literary
material were, to a great extent, refuted by Maupertuis' measurements of a degree within the polar circle. D'Anville's historical method was more successful in his 1743 map of Italy,
which first indicated numerous errors in the mapping of that country
and was accompanied by a valuable mémoir (a novelty in such
work), showing in full the sources of the design. A trigonometrical
survey which Benedict XIV soon
after had made in the papal states strikingly confirmed the French
geographer's results. In his later years d'Anville did yeoman service
for ancient and medieval geography, accomplishing something like a
revolution in the former; mapping afresh all the chief countries of the
pre-Christian civilizations (especially Egypt), and by his Mémoire et abrégé de géographie ancienne et générale and his États formés en Europe après la chute de l'empire romain en occident (1771)
rendering his labours still more generally useful. His last employment
consisted in arranging his collection of maps, plans and geographical
materials. It was the most extensive in Europe, and had been purchased
by the king, who, however, allowed him the use of it during his life. This
task performed, he sank into a total imbecility both of mind and body,
which continued for two years, till his death in January 1782. In
1754, at the age of fifty-seven, he became a member of the
Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, whose transactions
he enriched with many papers. In 1775 he received the only place in the
Académie des Sciences which is allotted to geography; and in the
same year he was appointed, without solicitation, first geographer to
the king. The crater Anville on the Moon is named after him, as was the community of Danville, Vermont. |