February 03, 2012 <Back to Index>
PAGE SPONSOR |
Antonio José de Sucre y Alcalá (February 3, 1795 – June 4, 1830), known as the "Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho" (English: "Grand Marshal of Ayacucho"), was a Venezuelan independence leader. Sucre was one of Simón Bolívar's closest friends, generals and statesmen. The
aristocratic Sucre family has its origins in Belgium. It arrived in
Venezuela through Charles de Sucre y Pardo, a Flemish nobleman, son of
Charles Adrian de Sucre, Marquess of Preux and Buenaventura Carolina
Isabel Garrido y Pardo, a Spanish noblewoman. Charles de Sucre y Pardo
served as a soldier in Catalonia in 1698 and was later named Governor of Cartagena de Indias and Captain General of Cuba. On December 22, 1779, Charles Sucre y Pardo arrived in Cumana, Venezuela, having been named Governor of New Andalucia, present day Sucre state. Antonio José de Sucre was born in Cumaná, then part of the Spanish Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada and
the Captaincy - General of Venezuela, son of Colonel Vicente de Sucre y
García de Urbaneja and wife María Manuela de
Alcalá y Sánchez Ramírez de Arellano. The Sucres
were a wealthy and distinguished family and his father was a military
officer in the Spanish armies. In
1814, Sucre joined the battles for American independence from Spain. He
proved himself an able military leader; in 1818, he was promoted to the
rank of colonel and in 1821, at the age of 26, he was given the rank of brigadier general, making him one of the youngest Generals in the army. After the Battle of Boyacá, Sucre was made Bolívar's chief of staff. In 1821, Bolívar put him in charge of the campaign to liberate Quito, and Sucre won a decisive victory at the Battle of Pichincha on May 24, 1822. Shortly after the battle, Sucre and Bolívar
entered the newly - liberated Quito and Sucre was named President of the
Province of Quito. Further victories followed over the Spanish forces in Perú, notably on August 6, 1824 at the Battle of Junín. On December 9, Sucre decisively captured the bulk of the Spanish troops and command, including the Viceroy, at Ayacucho.
The victory ensured the independence of Peru and Alto Perú,
which Sucre and others soon established as the new country of Bolivia,
thus ending all fighting for independence in Spanish South America. As
a reward for his efforts, Sucre was given the highest possible honorary
title of the "Grand Marshall of Ayacucho" at the age of 29. After the victory at Ayacucho, Bolívar would write his Resumen Sucinto de la Vida del General Sucre,
a short biography full of flattering comments about his lieutenant. In
a letter telling Sucre of the biography he had written, Bolívar
said: Sucre
was elected president of Bolivia in 1826, but he became dissatisfied
with local political developments. In 1828, when a strong movement
arose against Bolívar, his followers and the Bolivian
constitution, Sucre resigned. He was never really happy as a
politician and intended to retire from politics. He moved to Quito, the
home city of his wife, Mariana de Carcelén y Larrea, Marquess of
Solanda (July 27, 1805 - December 15, 1861), daughter of Felipe de
Carcelén y Sánchez de Orellana and Teresa de Larrea y
Jijón. He He had an illegitimate son by Manuela de la
Concepción de Roxas y Iñíguez (b. December 13,
1809) named Pedro César de Sucre y Roxas on June 7, 1828. He had
a daughter by his wife, who was born in Quito on June 30, 1829 but died
there on November 15, 1831. In late 1828, urged by Bolívar, the Congress of Gran Colombia named
Sucre President of Congress. They also intended to name him
Bolívar's successor, but this came to nothing because Sucre
likely would have it turned down. Sucre was named to a commission,
headed by José Antonio Páez,
that traveled to Venezuela in 1829 to quell political separatism among
local authorities. The difficulty of this task added to Sucre's
continuing dissatisfaction with Gran Colombia's political environment. In
early 1830, Sucre heard the news about Bolívar's resignation and
intention to leave the country, so he decided to return to Quito in order
to resume his private life. However, he was fatally ambushed near Pasto, at the Sierra de Berruecos in
southern Colombia on June 4, 1830. The details of the murder were
unclear and theories about it abound. One of the older and better
documented theories says that José María Obando masterminded
the assassination, and one of the alleged assassins named in this
theory was later executed for his apparent role. Later theories
implicated different (or additional) individuals, such as Juan José Flores, Agustín Gamarra and Francisco de Paula Santander. Some
have argued that Sucre was assassinated so as to leave no clear
successor to Bolívar. Sucre represented, according to historian Tomas Polanco Alcantara,
"the indispensable complement to Simón Bolívar". When
news of Sucre's death came to Bolívar, he said, "Se ha
derramado, Dios excelso, la sangre del inocente Abel..." ("The blood of
the innocent Abel has been spilled, God almighty..."). Bolivar later
wrote (Gaceta de Colombia, July 4, 1830): The department of Sucre in Colombia and the city of Sucre in Bolivia are named after him. The former currency of Ecuador was the sucre. In 1909 the State of Venezuela in which he was born, Cumaná, was renamed Sucre. A large neighborhood in the city of Caracas is named Sucre, and there are several Venezuelan municipalities named Antonio José de Sucre Municipality or Sucre Municipality. A Bolivarian Mission, Mission Sucre, is named for him. Some of his descendants in Venezuela have followed in his military and political footsteps. Antonio
José de Sucre is buried in the Cathedral of Quito, Ecuador, as
he had said, "I want my bones to be forever in Quito". |