February 26, 2013 <Back to Index>
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Nadezhda Konstantinovna "Nadya" Krupskaya (Russian: Наде́жда Константи́новна Кру́пская) (26 February [O.S. 14 February] 1869 - February 27, 1939) was a Russian Bolshevik revolutionary and politician. She married the Russian revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin in 1898. She was deputy minister (Comissar) of Education in 1929 - 1939. She was the daughter of a military officer. Nadya’s father, Krupski Konstantin Ignat’evich, was orphaned in 1847 at nine years of age. He was educated and given a commission as an infantry officer in the Russian Army. Just before leaving for his assignment in Poland he married Nadya’s mother. After six years of service, Krupski lost favor with his supervisors and was charged with “un-Russian activities.” He may have been suspected of being involved with revolutionaries. Following this time he worked in factories or wherever he could find work until later in life when he was recommissioned just before his death. Her mother, Elizaveta Vasilyevna Tistrova was the daughter of landless nobles. Elizaveta’s parents died when she was young and she was enrolled in the Bestuzhev Courses, which happened to be the highest formal education available to women in Russia during this time. After earning her degree Elizaveta went on to work as a governess for noble families until she married Krupsky. Having parents who were well educated combined with firsthand experience with lower class working conditions probably lead to the formation of many of Nadya’s ideologies. “From her very childhood Krupskaya was inspired with the spirit of protest against the ugly life around her.” One of Nadya’s friends from gymnasium, Ariadne Tyrkova, described Krupskaya as “a tall, quiet girl, who did not flirt with the boys, moved and thought with deliberation, and had already formed strong convictions… She was one of those who are forever committed, once they have been possessed by their thoughts and feelings….” Nadya attempted to attend two different secondary schools before finding the perfect fit with Prince A.A. Obolensky's Female Gymnazium “a distinguished private girls’ secondary school in Petersburg.” This education was probably more liberal than most other gymnasiums since it was noted that some of the staff were former revolutionaries. After her father’s death Krupskaya and her mother gave lessons as a source of income. Krupskaya had expressed an interest in entering the education field from a young age. She was particularly drawn to Tolstoy’s theories on education, which were fluid instead of structured. They focused on the personal development of each individual student and centered on the importance of the teacher - student relationship. This led Krupskaya to study many of Tolstoy’s works, including his theories of reformation. These were peaceful, law abiding ideologies, which focused on people abstaining from unneeded luxuries and being self dependent instead of hiring someone else to tend your house, etc. Tolstoy had a lasting impression on Krupskaya, since it was said she had “a special contempt for stylish clothes and comfort.” She was always modest in dress, as were her furnishings in her home and office.
As a devoted, lifelong student, Krupskaya began to participate in several
discussion circles. These groups got together to study and discuss
particular topics for the benefit of everyone involved. It was later,
in one of these circles that Krupskaya was first introduced to the
theories of Marx.
This piqued her interest as a potential way of making life better for
her people. Krupskaya began an in-depth study of the subject. This was
difficult since such books had been banned by the Russian government.
Consequently, revolutionaries had been collecting such books and
keeping them in underground libraries. It was at a similar discussion circle that Krupskaya first met Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, a dedicated Marxist who later came to be called Lenin.
Krupskaya was impressed by his speeches, but not by his personality, at
least not at first. It is hard to know very much of the courtship between Lenin and Krupskaya as neither party spoke often of personal matters. In October 1896, several months after Lenin was arrested, Krupskaya was also arrested. After some time Lenin was sentenced to exile in Siberia.
They had very little communication while in prison but before leaving
for Siberia, Lenin wrote a “secret note” to Krupskaya which was
delivered by her mother. It suggested that she could be permitted to
join him in Siberia as his if she told people she was his fiancée.
At that time Krupskaya was still awaiting sentencing in Siberia.
Krupskaya was permitted to accompany Lenin, but only under the
stipulation that they were to be married as soon as she arrived.
Whether she married for love or for the cause is unknown. Her relationship with
Lenin was more professional than marital - which Kollontai compared to
slavery - but she remained loyal, never once considering divorce. Krupskaya is believed to have suffered from Graves' disease, an illness affecting the thyroid gland in the neck which causes the eyes to bulge and the neck to tighten. In female sufferers it can also disrupt the menstrual cycle,
which may explain why Lenin and Krupskaya never had children (and the
rumors about Lenin allegedly choosing to have an affair with Inessa Armand). Upon his release Lenin went off to Europe and settled in Munich where Krupskaya later met up with him upon her release (1901). After she had arrived the couple moved to London. Krupskaya's political life was active: some would put her in the same category as Alexandra Kollontai. She was a functionary of the bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party from
1903. She became secretary of the Central Committee in 1905; she
returned to Russia the same year, but left again after the failed
revolution of 1905 and worked as a teacher in France a couple of years. After the October Revolution in 1917, she was appointed deputy to Anatoliy Lunacharskiy, the People's Commissar for Education, where she took charge of Vneshkol'nyi Otdel the
Adult Education Division; she became chairman of the education
committee in 1920 and was deputy commissar (government minister) from
1929 to 1939. She was instrumental in the foundation of Komsomol and the Pioneer movement as
well as the Soviet educational system, including the censorship and
political indoctrination within it. She was also fundamental in the
development of Soviet librarianship. Krupskaya became a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1924, a member of its control commission in 1927, a member of the Supreme Soviet in 1931 and an honorary citizen in 1931. She apparently favored Stalin in the great debates between the Left Opposition and the CPSU majority of the 1920s. In 1925, she attacked Lev Trotsky in a polemic that was in response to Trotsky's tract The Lessons of October. In it, she stated that "Marxist analysis was never Comrade Trotsky’s strong point." In relation to the debate around Socialism in one country versus Permanent Revolution, she asserted that Trotsky "underestimates the role played by the peasantry." Furthermore, she held that Trotsky had misinterpreted the revolutionary situation in post WWI Germany. During the congress of 1925, she initially supported Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev, but eventually voted for the process against Nikolai Bukharin and the exclusion of Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev from the party. Krupskaya is the author of the biography Reminiscences of Lenin, which chronicles the life of her husband. Her biography is the most detailed account of Lenin’s life before coming to power. It ends in 1919, shortly after the Bolsheviks took power. Before the revolution,
Krupskaya worked five years as an instructor for a factory owner who
offered evening classes for his employees. Legally, reading, writing and arithmetic were
taught. Illegally, classes with a revolutionary influence were taught
for those students who might be ready for them. Krupskaya and other
instructors were relieved of duty when nearly 30,000 factory workers in
the area went on strike for better wages. Even after the revolution her emphasis was on “the problems of youth organization and education.” In order to become educated they needed better access to books and materials. Pre-revolutionary
Russian libraries had a tendency to exclude particular members. Some
were exclusively for higher classes and some were only for employees of
a particular company's "Trade Unions". In addition they also had narrow, Orthodox literature. It was hard to find any books with new ideas, which is exactly why the
underground libraries began. Another problem was the low level of
literacy of the masses. The
revolution did not cause an overnight improvement in the libraries. In
fact, for a while there were even more problems. The Trade Unions still
refused to allow general public use, funds for purchasing books and
materials were in short supply and books that were already a part of
the libraries were falling apart. In addition there was a low interest
in the library career field due to low income and the libraries were
sorely in need of re-organization. Krupskaya directed a census of the libraries in order to address these issues. She
encouraged libraries to collaborate and to open their doors to the
general public. She encouraged librarians to use common speech when
speaking with patrons. Knowing the workers needs was encouraged; what
kind of books should be stocked, the subjects readers were interested
in, and organizing the material in a fashion to better serve the
readers. Committees were held to improve card catalogs. Krupskaya stated at a library conference: “We have a laughable number of
libraries, and their book stocks are even more inadequate. Their
quality is terrible, the majority of the population does not know how
to use them and does not even know what a library is.” She
also sought better professional schools for librarians. Formal training
was scarce in pre-revolutionary Russia for librarians and it only truly
began in the twentieth century. Krupskaya, therefore, advocated the
creation of library “seminaries” where practicing librarians would
instruct aspiring librarians in the skills of their profession, similar
to those in the West. The pedagogical characteristics were however
those of the Soviet revolutionary period. Librarians were trained to
determine what materials were suitable to patrons and whether or not
they had the ability to appreciate what the resource had to offer.
Also, Krupskaya desired that librarians possess greater verbal and
writing skills so that they could more clearly explain why certain
reading materials were better than others to their patrons. She
believed that explaining resource choices to patrons was a courtesy and
an opportunity for more education in socialist political values, not
something that was required of the librarian. They were to become
facilitators of the revolution and, later, those who helped preserve
the values of the resulting socialist state. Krupskaya
was a committed Marxist for whom each element of public education was a
step toward improving the life of her people, granting all individuals
access to the tools of education and libraries, needed to forge a more
fulfilling life. The fulfillment was education and the tools were
education and library systems. Krupskaya’s was a life of service and
dedication to improving the quality of life of her people.
Following
her death in 1939 a Leningrad chocolate factory was renamed in her
honour. Its chocolate bar product was named Krupskaya and retains that
name today. The asteroid 2071 Nadezhda discovered in 1971 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova was named in her honour. |