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Johann Philipp Reis (January 7, 1834 – January 14, 1874) was a self - taught German scientist and inventor. In 1861, he constructed the first make - and - break telephone, today called the Reis telephone. Reis was born in Gelnhausen, Germany. His family's religious background remains unclear. Some sources state that his father was a member of the Evangelical Church while other sources erroneously state that he was from a Jewish family. Reis's mother died while he was an infant, and he was raised by his paternal grandmother, a well read, intelligent woman. At the age of six Reis was sent to the common school of his home town of Gelnhausen. Here his talents attracted the notice of his instructors, who advised his father to extend his education at a higher college. His father died before Reis was ten years old. His grandmother and guardians placed him at Garnier's Institute, in Friedrichsdorf, where he showed a taste for languages, and acquired both French and English, as well as a stock of miscellaneous information from the library. At the end of his fourteenth year, Reis was accepted to a Hassel Institute, at Frankfurt am Main, where he learned Latin and Italian. A love of science became apparent, and his guardians were recommended to send him to the Polytechnic School of Karlsruhe. His uncle wished him to become a merchant, and on March 1, 1850, Reis was apprenticed as a paints dealer in the establishment of J.F. Beyerbach, of Frankfurt, against his will. He told his uncle that he would learn the business chosen for him, but would continue his preferred studies as he could. By diligent service he won the esteem of Beyerbach, and devoted his leisure to self - improvement, taking private lessons in mathematics and physics and attending the lectures of Professor R. Bottger on mechanics at the Trade School. When his apprenticeship ended, Reis attended the Institute of Dr. Poppe, in Frankfurt. As neither history nor geography was taught there, several of the students agreed to instruct each other in these subjects. Reis undertook geography, and believed he had found his true vocation in the art of teaching. He also became a member of the Physical Society of Frankfurt. In 1855, he completed his year of military service at Kassel, then returned to Frankfurt to qualify as a teacher of mathematics and science by means of private study and public lectures. His intention was to finish his training at the University of Heidelberg, but in the spring of 1858 he visited his old friend and master, Hofrath Garnier, who offered him a post in Garnier's Institute. On 14 September, 1859, Reis married, and shortly after he moved to Friedrichsdorf, to begin his new career as a teacher. Reis
imagined electricity could be propagated through space, as light can,
without the aid of a material conductor, and he performed some
experiments on the subject. The results were described in a paper, "On
the Radiation of Electricity", which, in 1859, he mailed to Professor
Poggendorff for insertion in the then well known periodical, Annalen der Physik. The manuscript was rejected, to the great disappointment of the sensitive young teacher. Reis, like Bell would
later do, had studied the organs of ear and the idea of an apparatus
for transmitting sound by means of electricity had floated on his mind
for years. Inspired by his physics lessons he attacked the problem, and
was rewarded with success. In 1860, he constructed the first prototype
of a telephone,
which could cover a distance of 100 meters. In 1862, he again tried to
interest Poggendorff with an account of his "telephon", as he called it. His
second offering was also rejected, like the first. The learned
professor, it seems, regarded the transmission of speech by electricity
as a chimera; Reis bitterly attributed the failure to his being "only a
poor schoolmaster." Reis
had difficulty interesting people in Germany in his invention despite
demonstrating it to (among others) Wilhelm von Legat, Inspector of the
Royal Prussian Telegraph Corps in 1862. It aroused more interest in the United States In 1872, when Professor Vanderwyde demonstrated it in New York. Prior
to 1947, the Reis device was tested by the British company Standard
Telephones and Cables (STC). The results also confirmed it could
faintly transmit and receive speech. At the time STC was bidding for a
contract with Alexander Graham Bell's American Telephone and Telegraph
Company, and the results were covered up by STC's chairman Sir Frank
Gill to maintain Bell's reputation.
Since the invention of the telephone, attention has been called to the fact that, in 1854, M.
Charles Bourseul, a French telegraphist, had conceived a plan for conveying sounds and even speech by electricity: Bourseul
deserves the credit of being perhaps the first to devise an electric
telephone and try to make it; but Reis deserves the honor of first
realising the idea as a device to transmit and receive sounds
electrically. Bourseul's
idea seems to have attracted little notice at the time, and was soon
forgotten. Even the Count du Moncel, who was ever ready to welcome a
promising invention, evidently regarded it as a fantastic notion. It is
very doubtful Reis had ever heard of it. Reis was led to conceive a
similar apparatus by a study of the mechanism of the human ear, which
he knew contained a membrane which vibrated due to sound waves, and
communicated its vibrations through the hammer - bone behind it to the
auditory nerve. It therefore occurred to him, if he made a diaphragm to
imitate this membrane and caused it, by vibrating, to make and break
the circuit of an electric current, he would be able through the
magnetic power of the interrupted current to reproduce the original
sounds at a distance. During
1837 - 38 Professor Page of Massachusetts had discovered that a needle or
thin bar of iron, placed in the hollow of a coil or bobbin of insulated
wire, would emit an audible 'tick' at each interruption of a current,
flowing in the coil, and if these separate ticks followed each other
fast enough, by a rapid interruption of the current, they would run
together into a continuous hum, to which he gave the name galvanic music.
He also found that the pitch of this note corresponded to the rate of
the current's interruption. These faint sounds were due to magnetostriction.
From these and other discoveries by Noad, Wertheim, Marrian, and
others, Reis knew that if the current which had been interrupted by his
vibrating diaphragm were conveyed to a distance by wires and then
passed through a coil like that of Page's, the iron needle would emit
notes like those which had caused the oscillation of the transmitting
diaphragm. Acting on this knowledge, he constructed his rudimentary
telephone. Reis' prototype is now in the museum of the Reichs Post - Amt,
Berlin. Another
of his early transmitters was a rough model of the human ear, carved in
oak, and provided with a drum which actuated a bent and pivoted lever of platinum,
making it open and close a springy contact of platinum foil in the
metallic circuit of the current. He devised some ten or twelve
different forms, each an improvement on its predecessors, which
transmitted music fairly well, and even a word or two of speech with
more or less fidelity. The apparatus failed as a practical means of
electrical telephony. The
discovery of the microphone by Professor Hughes has demonstrated the
reason of this failure. Reis' transmitter was based on interrupting the
current, and the spring was intended to close the contact after it had
been opened by the shock of a vibration. So long as the sound was a
musical tone it proved efficient, for a musical tone is a regular
succession of vibrations. The vibrations of speech are irregular and
complicated, and in order to transmit them the current has to be varied
in strength without being altogether broken. The waves excited in the
air by the voice should merely produce corresponding waves in the
current. In short, the current ought to undulate in
sympathy with the oscillations of the air. The Reis phone was poor at
transmitting articulated speech, but was able to convey the pitch of
the sound. It
appears from the report of Herr von Legat, an inspector with the Royal
Prussian Telegraphs, which was published in 1862, Reis was quite aware
of this principle, but his instrument was not well adapted to apply it.
No doubt the platinum contacts he employed in the transmitter behaved
to some extent as a crude metal microphone, and hence a few words,
especially familiar or expected ones, could be transmitted and
distinguished at the other end of the line. If Reis' phone was adjusted
so the contact points made a "loose metallic contact", they would
function much like the later telephone invented by Berliner or
the Hughes microphone, one form of which had iron nails in loose
contact. Thus the Reis phone worked best for speech when it was
slightly out of adjustment. A
history of the telephone from 1910 records that, "In the course of the
Dolbear lawsuit, a Reis machine was brought into court, and created
much amusement. It was able to squeak, but not to speak. Experts and
professors wrestled with it in vain. It refused to transmit one
intelligible sentence. ‘It can speak, but it won't,’ explained one of
Dolbear's lawyers." It is now generally known that while a Reis
machine, when clogged and out of order, would transmit a word or two in
an imperfect way, it was built on the wrong lines. It was no more a
telephone than a wagon is a sleigh, even though it is possible to chain
the wheels and make them slide for a foot or two. Said Judge Lowell, in
rendering his famous decision: Reis
does not seem to have realised the importance of not entirely breaking
the circuit of the current; at all events, his metal spring was not
practical for this, for it allowed the metal contacts to jolt too far
apart, and thus interrupt the electrical current. His
experiments were made in a little workshop behind his home at
Friedrichsdorff; and wires were run from it to an upper chamber.
Another line was erected between the physical cabinet at Garnier's
Institute across the playground to one of the classrooms, and there was
a tradition in the school that the boys were afraid of creating an
uproar in the room for fear that Philipp Reis would hear them with his
"telephon". Reis'
new invention was articulated in a lecture before the Physical Society
of Frankfurt on 26 October 1861, and a description, written by himself
for Jahresbericht a
month or two later. It created a good deal of scientific excitement in
Germany; models of it were sent abroad, to London, Dublin, Tiflis, and
other places. It became a subject for popular lectures, and an article
for scientific cabinets. Reis
obtained brief renown, but rejection soon set in. The Physical Society
of Frankfurt turned its back on the apparatus which had given it
lustre. Reis resigned in 1867, but the Free German Institute of
Frankfurt, which elected him as an honorary member, also slighted the
instrument as a mere "philosophical toy". Reis
believed in his invention, even if no one else did; and had he been
encouraged by his peers from the beginning he might have perfected it.
He was already stricken with tuberculosis, however. After Reis gave a lecture on the telephone at Gießen in 1854, Poggendorff, who was present, invited him to send a description of his instrument to the Annalen.
Reis, it is said, replied: "Ich danke Ihnen sehr, Herr Professor, aber
es ist zu spät. Jetzt will ich ihn nicht schicken. Mein Apparat
wird ohne Beschreibung in den Annalen bekannt werden" ("Thank you very much, Professor, but it is too late. Now I do not want to send it. My apparatus will become known without any description in the Annalen.") Later,
Reis confined his teaching and scientific studies, but his failing
health become a serious impediment. For several years it was only by
the exercise of his strong will that he was able to carry on with his
duties. His voice began to fail as his lung disease became more
pronounced, and in the summer of 1873 he was obliged to forsake his
tutoring duties for several weeks. An autumn vacation strengthened his
hopes of recovery and he resumed his teaching, but it was to be the
last flicker of his expiring flame. It was announced that he would show
his new gravity machine at a meeting of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte (Society
of German Scientists and Physicians) of Wiesbaden in September, but he
was too ill to appear. In December he lay down and, after a long and
painful illness, breathed his last at five o'clock in the afternoon of
January 14, 1874. In his Curriculum Vitae he wrote: Philipp
Reis was buried in the cemetery of Friedrichsdorff, and in 1878, after
the introduction of the electric telephone, the members of the Physical
Society of Frankfurt erected an obelisk of red sandstone bearing a
medallion portrait over his grave. In
1878, four years after his death and two years after Bell received his
first telephone patent, European scientists dedicated a monument to
Philip Reis as the inventor of the telephone. German textbooks credited Reis with its invention until the Nazis expunged his name from German literature in the 1930s due to his Jewish heritage, similar to their efforts to purge the names of Einstein and other Jewish scientists prior to the holocaust. Documents of 1947 in London's Science Museum later showed that after their technical adjustments, engineers from the British firm Standard Telephones and Cables (STC) found Reis' telephone dating from 1863 could transmit and "reproduce speech of good quality, but of low efficiency". Sir Frank Gill, then chairman of STC, ordered the tests to be kept secret, as STC was then negotiating with AT&T, which had evolved from the Bell Telephone Company,
created by Alexander Graham Bell. Professor Bell was generally accepted
as having invented the telephone and Gill thought that evidence to the
contrary might disrupt the on-going negotiations. Besides Reis and Bell, many others have claimed to have invented the telephone. The result was the Gray - Bell telephone controversy, one of the United States' longest running patent interference cases, involving Bell, Thomas Alva Edison, Elisha Gray, Berliner, Amos Dolbear, J.W. McDonagh, G.B. Richmond, W.L. Voeker, J.H. Irwin, and Francis Blake Jr. The case started in 1878 and was not finalised until February 27, 1901. Bell and the Bell Telephone Company triumped
in this crucial decision, as well as every one of the over 600 other
court decisions related to the invention of the telephone. The Bell
Telephone Company never lost a case that had proceeded to a final trial
stage. Another controversy arose over a century later when the U.S. Congress passed a resolution in 2002 recognizing Italian - American Antonio Meucci's contributions in the
invention of the telephone (not for the invention of the telephone), a
declaration that bore no legal or other standing at the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Canada's Parliament quickly followed with a tit-for-tat declaration, which clarified: "....that Alexander Graham Bell of Brantford, Ont., and Baddeck, N.S., [was] the inventor of the telephone." Prior to his death, Meucci had lost his only concluded Federal lawsuit trial related to the telephone's invention. |