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Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter (24 March 1607 – 29 April 1676) is the most famous and one of the most skilled admirals in Dutch history. De Ruyter is most famous for his role in the Anglo - Dutch Wars of the 17th century. He fought the English and French and scored several major victories against them, the best known probably being the Raid on the Medway. The pious De Ruyter was very much loved by his sailors and soldiers; from them his most significant nickname derived: Bestevaêr (older Dutch for 'grandfather'.) De Ruyter was born in 1607 in Flushing (Vlissingen) as the son of beer porter Adriaen Michielszoon and Aagje Jansdochter. Little is known about De Ruyter's early life, but he probably became a sailor at the age of 11. In 1622 he fought as a musketeer in the Dutch army under Maurice of Nassau against the Spaniards during the relief of Bergen - op - Zoom. That same year he rejoined the Dutch merchant fleet and steadily worked his way up. According to English sources he was active in Dublin between 1623 and 1631 as an agent for the Vlissingen based merchant house of the Lampsins brothers. Although Dutch sources have no data about his whereabouts in those years, it is known that De Ruyter spoke Irish fluently. He would occasionally travel as supercargo to the Mediterranean or the Barbary Coast. In those years he usually referred to himself as "Machgyel Adriensoon", his name in the Zealandic dialect he spoke, not having yet adopted the name "De Ruyter". "De Ruyter" most probably was a nickname given to him. An explanation might be found in the meaning of the older Dutch verb ruyten orruiten which means "to raid", something De Ruyter was known to do as a privateer with the Lampsins ship Den Graeuwen Heynst. In 1631 he married a farmer's daughter named Maayke Velders. The marriage lasted until the end of the year 1631 when Maayke died after giving birth to a daughter who followed her mother in death three weeks later. In 1633 and 1635 De Ruyter sailed as a navigating officer aboard the ship Groene Leeuw (Green Lion) on whaling expeditions to Jan Mayen. At this point he did not yet have a command of his own. In the summer of 1636 he remarried, this time to a daughter of a wealthy burgher named Neeltje Engels, who would give him four children. One of these died shortly after birth, the others were named Adriaen (1637), Neeltje (1639) and Aelken (1642). In the midst of this, in 1637, De Ruyter became captain of a private ship meant to hunt for raiders operating from Dunkirk who were preying on Dutch merchant shipping. He fulfilled this task until 1640. After sailing for a while as schipper (skipper) of a merchant vessel named deVlissinge, he was contacted again by the Zeeland Admiralty to become captain of the Haze, a merchant ship turned man - of - war carrying 26 guns in a fleet under admiral Gijsels fighting the Spanish, teaming up with the Portuguese during their rebellion. A Dutch fleet, with De Ruyter as third in command, beat back a Spanish - Dunkirker fleet in an action off Cape St Vincent on 4 November 1641. After returning he bought his own ship, the Salamander, and between 1642 and 1652, he mainly traded and travelled to Morocco and the West Indies to amass wealth as a merchant. During this time his esteem grew among other Dutch captains as he would regularly free Christian slaves by redeeming them at his own expense. In 1650 De Ruyter's wife, who in 1649 had given him a second son named Engel,
unexpectedly died. On 8 January 1652 he married the widow Anna van
Gelder and decided the time had come to retire. He bought a house in
Flushing, but his blissful family life would not last long. During the First Anglo - Dutch War (1652 – 1654),
De Ruyter was asked to join the expanding fleet as a subcommander of a
Zealandic squadron of "director's ships": privately financed warships.
After initially refusing, De Ruyter proved his worth under supreme commander Lieutenant - Admiral (the nominal rank of Admiral - General was reserved for the stadtholder but at the time none was appointed) Maarten Tromp, winning the Battle of Plymouth against Vice - Admiral George Ayscue. He also fought at the Battle of Kentish Knock and the Battle of the Gabbard. De Ruyter functioned as a squadron commander, being referred to as a Commodore, which at the time was not an official rank in the Dutch navy. Tromp's death during the Battle of Scheveningen ended the war and De Ruyter declined an emphatic offer from Johan de Witt for supreme command, because he considered himself 'unfit' and also feared that bypassing the seniority principle would bring him into conflict with Witte de With and Johan Evertsen. Later De Ruyter and De Witt would become personal friends. Colonel Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam then
became the new Dutch supreme commander of the confederate fleet. De
Ruyter — after refusing to become Obdam's naval 'advisor' — remained in service of the Dutch navy however and later accepted an offer from the admiralty of Amsterdam to become their Vice - Admiral on 2 March 1654. He relocated with his family to the city in 1655. In July 1655 De Ruyter took command of a squadron of eight of which the Tijdverdrijf was
his flagship and set out for the Mediterranean with 55 merchantmen in
convoy. His orders were to protect Dutch trade. Meeting an English
fleet under Robert Blake along the way, he managed to avoid creating a new flag incident. Operating off the Barbary Coast he captured several infamous corsairs and having negotiated a peace agreement with Salé, De Ruyter returned home May 1656. The same month the States - General, becoming ever more wary of Swedish king Charles X and his expansion plans, decided to intervene in the Northern Wars by sending a fleet to the Baltic Sea.
The Swedes controlled this area after Charles had invaded Poland and
made himself king there. De Ruyter once again embarked on the Tijdverdrijf arriving in the Sound 8 June; there he waited for Lieutenant - Admiral Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam to arrive. After Obdam had assumed command De Ruyter and the Dutch fleet sailed to relieve the besieged city of Danzig/Gdańsk on
27 July, without any bloodshed. Peace was signed a month later. Before
leaving the Baltic De Ruyter and other flag officers were granted
audience by Frederick III of Denmark. De Ruyter took a liking to the Danish king who would later become a personal friend. In 1658 the States - General under the advice of a leading member, (one of the) mayors of Amsterdam Cornelis de Graeff decided to once again send a fleet to the Baltic Sea to protect the important Baltic trade
and to aid the Danes against Swedish aggression, continued despite a
peace settlement. In accordance with the States' balance of power
politics a fleet under Lieutenant - Admiral Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam was sent, without De Ruyter, who at the time was blockading Lisbon. On 8 November a bloody melee took place: the Battle of the Sound, which resulted in a Dutch victory, relieving Copenhagen.
Still the Swedes were far from defeated and the States decided to
continue their support. De Ruyter took command of a new expeditionary
fleet and managed to liberate Nyborg in 1659. For this he was knighted by the Danish king Frederick III of Denmark. From 1661 until 1663 De Ruyter had convoy duty in the Mediterranean. In 1664, a year before the Second Anglo - Dutch War officially began, he clashed with the English off the West African coast, where both the English and Dutch had significant slave stations, retaking the Dutch possessions occupied by Robert Holmes and then crossing the Atlantic to raid the English colonies in North America. Arriving off Barbados in the Caribbean at the end of April 1665 aboard his flagship Spiegel, he led his fleet of thirteen vessels into Carlisle Bay, exchanging fire with the English batteries and destroying many of the vessels anchored there. Unable to silence the English guns and having sustained considerable damage to his own vessels, he retired to French Martinique for repairs. Sailing north from Martinique, de Ruyter captured several English vessels and delivered supplies to the Dutch colony at Saint Eustatius. Given the damage he had sustained, he decided against an assault on New York (the former New Amsterdam) to retake New Netherland. He then took off to Newfoundland, capturing some English merchant ships and temporarily taking St. John's before proceeding to Europe. On his return to The Netherlands he learned that Van Wassenaer had been killed in the disastrous Battle of Lowestoft. Many expected that Tromp's son Cornelis would now take command of the confederate fleet, especially Cornelis Tromp himself, who had already been given a temporary commission. Tromp
however was not acceptable to the regent regime of Johan de Witt
because of his support of the Prince of Orange's cause. De Ruyter's
popularity had grown after his heroic return and, most importantly, his
affiliation lay with the States - General and Johan de Witt in
particular. He therefore was made commander of the Dutch fleet on 11
August 1665, as Lieutenant - Admiral (a rank he at the time shared with
six others) of the Amsterdam admiralty. In this Second Anglo - Dutch War (1665 – 1667) he won a hard fought victory in the Four Days Battle (June 1666) but narrowly escaped disaster in the St James's Day Battle (August
1666) which brought him into conflict with Cornelis Tromp, eventually
leading to Tromp's dismissal. He then became seriously ill, recovering
just in time to take nominal command of the fleet executing the Raid on the Medway in 1667. The Medway raid was a costly and embarrassing defeat for the English, resulting in the loss of the English flagship HMS Royal Charles and bringing the Dutch close to London and the war to its end. Between 1667 and 1671 he was forbidden by De Witt to sail, in order not to endanger his life. In
1669 a failed attempt on his life was made by a Tromp supporter, trying
to stab him with a bread knife in the entrance hall of his house.
De Ruyter saved the situation for the Netherlands in the
Third Anglo - Dutch War. His strategic victories over larger Anglo - French fleets at the Battles of Solebay (1672), the double Schooneveld (1673) and Texel (1673)
warded off invasion. The new rank of Lieutenant - Admiral - General was
created especially for him in February 1673, when the new stadtholder William III of Orange became Admiral - General. Again taking the battle to the Caribbean, this time against the French, De Ruyter arrived off Martinique aboard his flagship De Zeven Provinciën on
19 July 1674. He led a substantial force of eighteen warships, nine
storeships, and fifteen troop transports bearing 3,400 soldiers.
Attempting to assault Fort Royal,
his fleet was becalmed, allowing the greatly outnumbered French
defenders time to solidify their defenses. The next day, newly placed
booms prevented de Ruyter from entering the harbor. Nonetheless, the
Dutch soldiers went ashore without the support of the fleet's guns, and
were badly mauled in their attempt to reach the French fortifications
atop the steep cliffs. Within two hours, the soldiers were returning to
the fleet, with 143 killed and 318 wounded, as compared to only fifteen
French defenders lost. His ambitions thwarted and with the element of
surprise lost, De Ruyter sailed north to Dominica and Nevis, then returned to Europe while disease spread aboard his ships. In 1676 he took command of a combined Dutch - Spanish fleet to help the Spanish suppress the Messina Revolt and fought a French fleet under Duquesne twice at the Battle of Stromboli and the Battle of Agosta,
where he was fatally wounded when a cannonball hit him in the left leg.
On 18 March 1677 De Ruyter was given an elaborate state funeral when
his body was buried in the Nieuwe Kerk (New Church) in Amsterdam. He was succeeded as supreme commander by Cornelis Tromp in 1679. De Ruyter was highly respected by his sailors and soldiers, who used the term of endearment Bestevaêr ("Granddad")
for him, both because of his disregard for hierarchy (he was himself of
humble origin) and his refusal to back away from risky and bold
undertakings despite his usually cautious nature. He is honoured by a statue in his birthplace Vlissingen, where he stands looking over the sea. Almost every town in the Netherlands has a street named after him. Respect
also extended far beyond the borders of the Republic. On his last
journey home, the late Lieutenant - Admiral - General was saluted by cannon
shots fired on the coasts of France by the direct orders of the French
king Louis XIV. The town of Debrecen erected a statue of him for his role in freeing 26 Protestant Hungarian ministers from slavery. Six ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy have been named HNLMS De Ruyter and seven are named after his flagship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën. De Ruyter has descendants still living in the United States, Britain, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Canada. |