Ercole Bottrigari (1531 – 1612) was an Italian scholar, mathematician, poet, music theorist, architect, and composer. The illegitimate son of Giovanni Battista Bottrigari, he was legitimized in 1538 and raised in his household in Bologna. He distinguished himself by reciting poetry at a court function and was rewarded with the orders of Knight of the Holy See and Lateran in 1542.

Bottrigari published books of madrigals, including Il primo libro di madrigali a quattro voci (Venice, 1558) and Libro terzo de madrigali a cinque voci (Venice, 1583). In 1546 with the help of his father Bottrigari established a small private press, but very few works from it survive. In 1551 he married Lucrezia Usberti (d 1591). In 1576 he fled to Ferrara, where he got to know Torquato Tasso, and where he wrote his treatise Il Desiderio, overo de' concerti di varii strumenti musicali. In 1586 he moved back to Bologne, where he was in touch with intellectuals such as Gioseffo Zarlino and Annibale Melone. His first musical treatise was Il Patricio (1593), and dealt with classical subjects, and was written in the form of a dialogue. Mascara, overo della fabbrica de' teatri (1598), never published, is an important work for modern scholars, describing theatrical structures and practice.