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Louis de Rouvroy (16 January 1675 – 2 March 1755) commonly known as Saint - Simon was a French soldier, diplomatist and writer of memoirs, was born in Paris (Hôtel Selvois, 6 rue Taranne, today at 175 Bd. Saint - Germain). The dukedom - peerage granted to his father, Claude de Rouvroy (1608 – 1693), is a central fact in his history. No one was made a peer who was not a nobleman, but men of the noblest blood might not be, and in most cases were not, peers. Derived at least traditionally and imaginatively from the douze pairs of Charlemagne, the peers were supposed to represent the chosen of the noblesse, and gradually became associated with the parliament of Paris as a quasi - legislative (or at least law - registering) and directly judicial body. The peerage was further complicated by the fact that not persons but the holders of certain fiefs were made peers. Strictly speaking, Saint - Simon was not made a peer, but his estate was raised to the rank of a duché - pairie. The peers were, in a way, representative of the entire body of the Nobility, and it was Saint - Simon's lifelong ideal to convert them into a sort of great council of the nation. The family's main castle, where the Memoirs were
written, was the castle of La Ferté - Vidame, bought by duke
Claude shortly after being awarded his dukedom. The castle brought with
it the title of vidame de Chartres.
It was a rare title; in the Middle Ages a vidame commanded the
military forces of a bishop and performed other feudal duties
unsuitable for a man of the Church. Over time, seven of these titles
relating to some of the larger dioceses became
attached to specific properties and usable as titles by the owner. An
earlier Vidame of Chartres (not related) had been a famous intriguer
and participant in the Wars of Religion on
the Huguenot side, which still cast something of a shadow over the
title in Saint - Simon's day. Rather oddly, the title was given to an elderly character in the court novel La Princesse de Clèves published
in 1678, three years after Saint - Simon was born. Since he himself went
by this title until he was eighteen, it may have been the subject of
jokes. His
father was a tall and taciturn man who was keen on hunting.
Saint - Simon, was the opposite, garrulous, exceptionally short, and preferred to live indoors. His father had become a minor favourite of Louis XIII,
who was addicted to hunting. Louis made him his Master of Wolfhounds
and then gave him a Dukedom when relatively young; he was 68 when
Saint - Simon was born. Saint - Simon was high up the order of precedence among the Dukes, but many of them were higher, in terms of ancestry and wealth. His
mother, Charlotte de L'Aubespine, belonged to a family which had been
distinguished in the public service at least since the time of Francis I. Her son Louis was well educated, to a great extent by herself, and he had for godfather and godmother Louis XIV and Queen Marie Thérèse. After some tuition by the Jesuits, he joined the mousquetaires gris in 1692. He was present at the 1692 siege of Namur, and the battle of Neerwinden. Then he began the crusade of his life by instigating an action on the part of the peers of France against François - Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg, his victorious general, on a point of precedence. He fought another campaign or two (not under Luxembourg), and in 1695 married Marie Gabrielle de Durfort (styled as Mademoiselle de Lorges), daughter of Guy Aldonce de Durfort de Lorges,
a marshal who had commanded him. He seemed to have regarded her with a
respect and affection unusual between husband and wife at the time; and
she sometimes succeeded in modifying his aristocratic ideas. As
he did not receive the promotion he desired, he flung up his commission
in 1702. Thus Louis XIV took a dislike to him, and he kept his place at
court only with difficulty. He was, however, intensely interested in
all the transactions of Versailles,
and kept a collection of informers ranging from dukes to servants, who
gave him the extraordinary secret information which he has handed down. Saint - Simon's own part appears to have been entirely subordinate. He was appointed ambassador to Rome in 1705, but the appointment was cancelled before he started. At last he attached himself to Philippe II of Orléans,
Louis XIV's nephew and the future Regent. Though this was hardly likely
to conciliate Louis, it gave him at least the status of belonging to a
definite party and it eventually placed him in the position of friend
to the acting Chief of State. He also was attached to Louis, duke of Burgundy, the Dauphin's son and next heir to the throne. Saint-Simon
hated "the bastards," the illegitimate children of Louis XIV. It does
not appear that this hatred was founded on moral reasons or fear that
these bastards would be intruded into the succession. The true cause of
his wrath was that, by Royal fiat, they had ceremonial precedence over
the peers. The Saint - Simon that is revealed through the Mémoires
had many enemies, and had a deep hatred against many courtiers.
However, it should be remembered that the Mémoires were written
30 years after the facts, by a disappointed man, and that Saint - Simon
as a courtier had lived on very polite and friendly terms with most. The
death of Louis XIV seemed to give Saint - Simon a chance of realizing his
hopes. The duke of Orléans was at once acknowledged Regent and
Saint - Simon placed on the council of regency. But no steps were taken
to carry out his favourite vision of a France ruled by the nobility,
and he had little real influence with the Regent. He was gratified by
the degradation of "the bastards," and, in 1721, he was appointed
special ambassador to Spain to arrange for the marriage (which never took place) of Louis XV and Infanta Mariana Victoria of Spain. There he and his second son received the grandeeship, and, though he also caught smallpox,
he was quite satisfied with the business: he could now hope for two
lineages of dukes (a grandee was recognised in France as duke).
Saint - Simon was not eager, as most other nobility, to acquire
profitable functions, and he did not use his influence to repair his
finances, even further ruined by the magnificence of his embassy. After
his return he had little to do with public affairs. His own account of
the cessation of his intimacy with Orléans and Guillaume Dubois,
the latter of whom had never been his friend, is, like his account of
some other events of his own life, rather vague and obscure. But there
can be little doubt that he was eclipsed, and even expelled from the
Meudon castle by Dubois. He survived for more than thirty years; but
little is known of his life. His wife died in 1743, his eldest son a
little later; he had other family troubles, and he was loaded with
debt. When he died, at Paris on 2 March 1755, he had almost entirely
outlived his own generation and the prosperity of his house, though not
its notoriety. This last was in strange fashion revived by a distant
relative born five years after his own death, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint - Simon – the founder of Socialism.
All his possessions, including his writings, were seized by the State
on his death, and a large part of his Memoirs is missing. It
could be said that the actual events of Saint - Simon's life, long as it
was and high as was his position, are neither numerous nor noteworthy.
Yet he posthumously acquired great literary fame. He was an
indefatigable writer, and he began very early to write down all the
gossip he collected, all his interminable legal disputes of precedence,
and a vast mass of unclassified matter. Most of his manuscripts came
into the possession of the government, and it was long before their
contents were fully published. Partly in the form of notes on Marquis de Dangeau's Journal,
partly in that of original and independent memoirs, partly in scattered
and multifarious tracts, he had committed to paper an immense amount of
matter. Saint - Simon's
memoirs display a striking voice. On the one hand, he is petty, unjust
to private enemies and to those who espoused public parties with which
he did not agree, and an omnivorous gossip. Yet he shows a great skill
for narrative and for character drawing. He has been compared to Gaius Cornelius Tacitus, and to historians such as Livy.
He is at the same time not a writer who can be "sampled" easily,
inasmuch as his most characteristic passages sometimes occur in the
midst of long stretches of quite uninteresting matter. His vocabulary
was extreme and inventive; among other words he is supposed to provide
the first use of "intellectual" as a noun. A few critical studies of him, especially those of Charles Augustin Sainte - Beuve,
are the basis of much that has been written about him. His most famous
passages, such as the account of the death of the dauphin, or of the Bed of Justice where his enemy, Louis - Auguste de Bourbon, duc du Maine,
was degraded, do not give a fair idea of his talent. These are his
gallery pieces, his great "engines," as French art slang calls them.
Much more noteworthy as well as more frequent are the sudden touches which he gives. The bishops are "cuistres violets" (purple pedants); M. de Caumartin "porte sous son manteau toute la faculté que M. de Villeroy étale sur son baudrier" (holds under his cloak all the power that M. de Villeroy displays on his sheath); another politician has a "mine de chat fâché" (appearance of a disgruntled cat). In short, the interest of the Memoirs is in the novel and adroit use of word and phrase. He had a decisive influence on writers like Tolstoy, Barbey d' Aurevilly, Flaubert, Valle - Inclán, Proust, Mujica Láinez, and many others. |