January 27, 2014 <Back to Index>
PAGE SPONSOR |
Richard Bentley (27 January 1662 – 14 July 1742) was an English classical scholar, critic, and theologian. He was long the master of Trinity College, Cambridge. Bentley was the first Englishman to be ranked with the great heroes of classical learning and was known for his literary and textual criticism. Called the "founder of historical philology", Bentley is credited with the creation of the English school of Hellenism. He inspired generations of subsequent scholars. Bentley was born at Oulton near Rothwell, Leeds, West Yorkshire, northern England. His grandfather had suffered for the Royalist cause following the English Civil War, leaving the family in reduced circumstances. Bentley's mother, the daughter of a stonemason, had some education, and was able to give her son his first lessons in Latin. After attending grammar school in Wakefield, Bentley was an undergraduate at St John's College, Cambridge in 1676. He afterward obtained a scholarship and took the degree of B.A. in 1680 (M.A. 1683).
He never became a
Fellow, but was appointed to be the headmaster of Spalding Grammar School before he was 21. Edward Stillingfleet, dean of St Paul's, hired Bentley as tutor to his son, which enabled the
younger man to meet eminent scholars, have access to the best private
library in England, and become familiar with Dean Stillingfleet. During
his six years as tutor, Bentley also made a comprehensive study of Greek and Latin writers, storing up knowledge which he used later. In 1689, Stillingfleet became bishop of Worcester, and Bentley's pupil went to Wadham College, Oxford, accompanied by his tutor. Bentley soon met Dr John Mill, Humphrey Hody, and Edward Bernard. Here he studied the manuscripts of the Bodleian, Corpus Christi and
other college libraries. He collected material for literary studies.
Among these are a corpus of the fragments of the Greek poets and an
edition of the Greek lexicographers. The Oxford (Sheldonian) press was about to bring out an edition (the editio princeps) from the unique manuscript of the Greek Chronicle in the Bodleian Library. It was a universal history (down to AD 560) of John of Antioch (date uncertain, between 600 and 1000), called John Malalas or "John the Rhetor". The editor, Dr John Mill, principal of St Edmund Hall, asked Bentley to review it and make any remarks on the text. Bentley wrote the Epistola ad Johannem Millium, which is about 100 pages included at the end of the Oxford Malalas (1691).
This short treatise placed Bentley ahead of all living English
scholars. The ease with which he restored corrupted passages, the
certainty of his emendation and command over the relevant material, are in a style totally different from the careful and laborious learning of Hody, Mill or Edmund Chilmead.
To the small circle of classical students (lacking the great critical
dictionaries of modern times), it was obvious that he was a critic
beyond the ordinary. In 1690, Bentley had taken deacon's orders. In 1692 he was nominated first Boyle lecturer,
a nomination repeated in 1694. He was offered the appointment a third
time in 1695 but declined it, as he was involved in too many other
activities. In the first series of lectures ("A Confutation of
Atheism"), he endeavours to present Newtonian physics in a popular form, and to frame them (especially in opposition to Hobbes) into proof of the existence of an intelligent Creator. He had some correspondence with Newton, then living in Trinity College, Cambridge, on the subject. The second series, preached in 1694, has not been published and is believed to be lost. After being ordained, Bentley was promoted to a prebendal stall in Worcester Cathedral.
In 1693 the curator of the royal library became vacant, and his friends
tried to obtain the position for Bentley, but did not have enough
influence. The new librarian, a Mr Thynne, resigned in favour of
Bentley, on condition that he receive an annuity of £130 for life
out of the £200 salary. In 1695 Bentley received a royal chaplaincy and the living of Hartlebury. That same year, he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1696 earned the degree of D.D. (Doctor of Divinity). The scholar Johann Georg Graevius of Utrecht made a dedication to him, prefixed to a dissertation on Albert Rubens, De Vita Flavii Mattii Theodori (1694), which showed Bentley's work had been recognized on the Continent. Bentley had official apartments in St. James's Palace, and his first care was the royal library. He worked to restore the collection from a dilapidated condition. He persuaded the Earl of Marlborough to
ask for additional rooms in the palace for the books. This was granted,
but Marlborough kept them for personal use. Bentley enforced the law,
ensuring that publishers delivered nearly 1000 volumes which had been
purchased but not delivered. The University of Cambridge commissioned him to obtain Greek and Latin fonts for their classical books; he had these made in Holland. He assisted John Evelyn in his Numismata.
Bentley did not settle down to the steady execution of any of the major
projects he had started. In 1694, he designed an edition of Philostratus, but abandoned it to Gottfried Olearius (1672 – 1715), "to the joy," says F. A. Wolf, "of Olearius and of no one else." He supplied Graevius with collations of Cicero, and Joshua Barnes with a warning as to the spuriousness of the Epistles of Euripides. Barnes printed the epistles anyway and declared that no one could doubt their authenticity but a man perfrictae frontis aut judicii imminuti. For Graevius's Callimachus (1697), Bentley added a collection of the fragments with notes. He wrote the Dissertation on the Epistles of Phalaris, his major academic work, almost accidentally. In 1697, William Wotton, about to bring out a second edition of his Ancient and Modern Learning, asked Bentley to write out a paper exposing the spuriousness of the Epistles of Phalaris, long a subject of academic controversy. The Christ Church College editor of Phalaris, Charles Boyle,
resented Bentley's paper. He had already quarreled with Bentley in
trying to get the manuscript in the royal library collated for his
edition (1695). Boyle wrote a response which was accepted by the
reading public, although it was much later criticized as showing
superficial learning.)
The demand for Boyle's book required a second printing. When Bentley
responded, it was with his dissertation. The truth of its conclusions
was not immediately recognized but it has a high reputation. In 1700, the commissioners of ecclesiastical patronage recommended Bentley to the Crown for the mastership of Trinity College, Cambridge.
He arrived an outsider and proceeded to reform the college
administration. He started a program of renovations to the buildings,
and used his position to promote learning. At the same time, he
antagonized the fellows, and the capital programme caused reductions in
their incomes, which they resented. After ten years of stubborn but ineffectual resistance, the fellows appealed to the Visitor, the bishop of Ely (John Moore). Their petition was full of general complaints. Bentley's reply (The Present State of Trinity College,
etc., 1710) is in his most crushing style. The fellows amended their
petition and added a charge of Bentley's having committed 54 breaches
of the statutes. Bentley appealed directly to the Crown, and backed his
application with a dedication of his Horace to the lord treasurer (Harley). The
Crown lawyers decided against him; the case was heard (1714) and a
sentence of expulsion from the mastership was drawn up. Before it was
executed, the bishop of Ely died and the process lapsed. The feud
continued in various forms at lower levels. In 1718 Cambridge rescinded
Bentley's degrees, as punishment for failing to appear in the
vice - chancellor's court in a civil suit. It was not until 1724 that he
had them restored under the law. In 1733 the fellows of Trinity again brought Bentley to trial before the bishop of Ely (then Thomas Greene), and he was sentenced to deprivation. The college statutes required the sentence to be exercised by the vice - master Richard Walker,
who was a friend of Bentley and refused to act. Although the feud
continued until 1738 or 1740 (about thirty years in all), Bentley
remained in his post. During
his mastership, except for the first two years, Bentley continuously
pursued his studies, although he did not publish much. In 1709 he
contributed a critical appendix to John Davies's edition of Cicero's Tusculan Disputations. In the following year, he published his emendations on the Plutus and Nubes of Aristophanes, and on the fragments of Menander and Philemon. He published the last work under the pen name of "Phileutherus Lipsiensis." He used it again two years later in his Remarks on a late Discourse of Freethinking, a reply toAnthony Collins the deist. The university thanked him for this work and its support of the Anglican Church and clergy. Although
he had long studied Horace, Bentley wrote his version quickly in the
end, publishing it in 1711 to gain public support at a critical period
of the Trinity quarrel. In the preface, he declared his intention of
confining his attention to criticism and correction of the text. Some
of his 700 or 800 emendations have
been accepted, but the majority were rejected by the early 20th century
as unnecessary, although scholars acknowledged they showed his wide
learning. In 1716, in a letter to William Wake, Archbishop of Canterbury, Bentley announced his plan to prepare a critical edition of the New Testament. During the next four years, assisted by J.J. Wetstein, an eminent biblical critic, he collected materials for the work. In 1720 he published Proposals for a New Edition of the Greek Testament, with examples of how he intended to proceed. By comparing the text of the Vulgate with
that of the oldest Greek manuscripts, Bentley proposed to restore the
Greek text as received by the church at the time of the Council of Nice. Bentley's lead manuscript was Codex Alexandrinus, which he described as "the oldest and best in the world." Bentley used also manuscripts: 51, 54, 60, 113, 440, 507, and 508. Numerous subscribers were obtained to support publication of the work, but he never completed it. His Terence (1726) is more important than his Horace; next to the Phalaris, this most determined his reputation. In 1726 he also published the Fables of Phaedrus and the Sentenliae of Publilius Syrus. His Paradise Lost (1732), suggested by Queen Caroline, has been criticized as the weakest of his work. He suggested that the poet John Milton had employed both an amanuensis and
an editor, who were responsible for clerical errors and interpolations,
but it is unclear whether Bentley believed his own position. He never
published his planned edition of Homer,
but some of his manuscript and marginal notes are held by Trinity
College. Their chief importance is in his attempt to restore the metre
by the insertion of the lost digamma.
Bentley
was self-assertive and presumptuous, which alienated some people. But,
James Henry Monk, Bentley's biographer, charged him (in his first
edition, 1830) with an indecorum of which he was not guilty. Bentley
seemed to inspire mixed feelings of admiration and repugnance. In 1701, Bentley married Joanna Bernard, daughter of Sir John Bernard, 2nd Baronet of Brampton, Huntingdonshire. They
had three children together: Richard (1708 – 1782), an eccentric,
playwright and artist whose engravings for Thomas Gray’s ‘A Long Story’ were published in 1753, and two daughters, one named Johanna. His wife died in 1740. Johanna Bentley married Denison Cumberland in
1728. He became Master of Trinity College and later served in two
bishoprics. He was a grandson of Richard Cumberland, bishop of Peterborough. Their son Richard Cumberland developed as a prolific dramatist, while earning his living as a civil servant.
In
old age, Bentley continued to read; and enjoyed the society of his
friends and several rising scholars, J Markland, John Taylor, and his
nephews Richard and Thomas Bentley, with whom he discussed classical
subjects. He died at 80 of pleurisy. Bentley was the first Englishman to be ranked with the great heroes of classical learning. Before him there were only John Selden, and, in a more restricted field, Thomas Gataker and
Pearson. "Bentley inaugurated a new era of the art of criticism. He
opened a new path. With him criticism attained its majority. Where
scholars had hitherto offered suggestions and conjectures, Bentley,
with unlimited control over the whole material of learning, gave
decisions". The modern German school of philology recognised his genius. Bunsen wrote that Bentley "was the founder of historical philology." Jakob Bernays says of his corrections of the Tristia,
"corruptions which had hitherto defied every attempt even of the
mightiest, were removed by a touch of the fingers of this British Samson." Bentley
was credited with creating the English school of Hellenists, by which
the 18th century was distinguished, including scholars such as R Dawes, J Markland, J Taylor, J Toup, T Tyrwhitt, Richard Porson, PP Dobree, Thomas Kidd and JH Monk. Although the Dutch school of the period had its own tradition, it was also influenced by Bentley. His letters to the young Hemsterhuis on his edition of Julius Pollux made the latter one of Bentley's most devoted admirers. Bentley
inspired a following generation of scholars. Self - taught, he created
his own discipline; but no contemporary English guild of learning could
measure his power or check his eccentricities. He defeated his academic
adversaries in the Phalaris controversy. The attacks by Alexander Pope (he was assigned a niche in The Dunciad), John Arbuthnot and
others demonstrated their inability to appreciate his work, as they
considered textual criticism as pedantry. His classical controversies
also called forth Jonathan Swift's Battle of the Books. In
a university where the instruction of youth or the religious
controversy of the day was the chief occupation, Bentley was unique.
His learning and original views seem to have been developed before
1700. After this period, he acquired little and made only spasmodic
efforts to publish. But, the critic A.E. Housman believed that the edition of Manilius (1739) was Bentley's greatest work. |