June 22, 2014 <Back to Index>
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Jerry John Rawlings (born Jeremiah Rawlings John 22 June 1947 in Accra, Gold Coast) is a former leader of the Republic of Ghana and now the African Union envoy to Somalia. Rawlings ruled Ghana as a military dictator in 1979 and from 1981 to 1992 and then as the first elected president of the Fourth Republic from 1993 to 2001. He initially took power in a coup d'état, but in the 1990s following sustained political and economic pressure from international institutions and governments began a process of economic and then political liberalization. He founded the National Democratic Congress which won the 1992 general election. He took office in 1993, and was re-elected in 1997. Rawlings appeared on the Ghanaian political scene on May 15, 1979, leading a group of junior officers in the Ghana Air Force in a coup attempt on the regime of Fred Akuffo which resulted in his arrest and imprisonment. He was court - martialled in public and sentenced to death. On June 4 military officials overthrew the Akuffo government and released the Rawlings group from prison just weeks before general elections were scheduled. Rawlings and company formed the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) and conducted what it termed 'a housecleaning exercise,' where large sums of stolen government money were retrieved into government coffers and inflation was stabilized. An election held that year was won by Dr. Hilla Limann of the People's National Party (PNP). However, on December 31, 1981 Rawlings and the AFRC overthrew Dr. Limann's government, citing economic mismanagement. Rawlings then installed the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC) government with himself as chairman. Rawlings retired from the Armed Forces and set up the National Democratic Congress. This party, with Rawlings as its candidate, won 58.3 % of the votes (the largest percentage won by a presidential candidate in Ghana's political history) in the 1992 elections. The opposition New Patriotic Party (NPP) claimed that the election was stolen, although international observers judged the elections "largely free and fair." In 1996, Rawlings won the general elections by 57 percent and elections were judged largely free and fair by international observers. After two terms in office, barred by the constitution from standing in any election, Rawlings endorsed his vice - president John Evans Atta Mills as presidential candidate in 2000. The NDC with Mills as candidate, however, lost the elections to the NPP candidate John Agyekum Kufuor. Once again, elections were judged to be free and fair. Rawlings is married to Nana Konadu Agyeman Rawlings and has four children: three girls and a boy. He is the joint recipient of the 1993 World Hunger Award which he used as seed capital in establishing the University of Development Studies (UDS) in the north of Ghana. J.J.
Rawlings was born June 22, 1947 to Victoria Agbotui from Keta and to
James Ramsey John, a Scottish chemist working in the then Gold Coast.
He married Nana Konadu Agyeman Rawlings in 1977 and together they have four children, Ezenator, Yaa Asantewaa, Amina and Kimathi Rawlings, his only son. He enlisted as a Flight Cadet in the Ghana Air Force in August 1967, and was subsequently selected for officer cadet training at the Ghana Military Academy and Training School, Teshie, in Accra. In March, 1968, he was posted to Takoradi in the Western Region to continue his studies. He graduated in January 1969, and was commissioned a Pilot Officer, winning the coveted "Speed Bird Trophy" as the best cadet in flying and airmanship. He earned the rank of Flight Lieutenant in April 1978. On May 28, 1979, Rawlings, together with six others who were arrested earlier, appeared before a General Court Martial in Accra, charged with leading a mutiny of
junior officers and enlisted men of the Ghanaian Armed Forces on May
15, 1979. There was strong public reaction, especially after his
statement had been read in court, explaining the social injustices that
had prompted him to act. The ranks of the Armed Forces, in particular, expressed deep sympathy with his stated aims. While
awaiting his next appearance before the court, Rawlings was sprung from
custody on June 4, 1979, by a group of soldiers led by Kojo Boakye - Djan.
With the support of both the military and civilians, he led the
uprising that ousted the Supreme Military Council from office and
brought the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) to power. On the
night of June 4, lives were lost in both the forces fighting against
the military government and those fighting on the side of the uprising.
However, the uprising - with respect to those who gave their lives
defending the country - was not bloody as critics claim it was because
the majority of ranks decided not to fight each other on the orders of
the top brass. As one of his first acts in power, Rawlings signed the
orders for the execution of former military dictator who was later
executed: Ignatius Kutu Acheamphong. Five other generals - Joy Amedume,
Yaw Boakye, Roger Felli, Kotei, and Utuka - were also put to death.
Rawlings has never denied responsibility for this, but the country was
in a state of vengeful anarchy, and both civilians and lower ranks were
calling for the 'blood' of the SMC and other officers they felt had
caused injustice to the state. The
AFRC, under the chairmanship of Rawlings, carried out a much wider
"house - cleaning exercise" aimed at purging the armed forces and society
at large of corruption and graft as well as restoring a sense of moral
responsibility and accountability in public life. Meanwhile, following
a programme already set in motion before the June 4 uprising, the
ruling military government organized free general elections. On
September 24, 1979, the AFRC handed over power to a civilian government
led by the People's National Party (PNP), under President Hilla Limann. The
killings of Supreme Court Justices Kwadjo Agyei Agyepong, Frederick
Sarkodie, and Cecilia Koranteng Addo, or those of military officers
Major Sam Acquah and Major Dasana Nantogmah was another painful
incident in Ghana's history. Limann's
administration was cut short on December 31, 1981, when Rawlings
deposed him in another coup. A Provisional National Defence Council
(PNDC), composed of both civilian and military members, was established
with Rawlings as Chairman. The coming of the PNDC was widely praised by
Ghanaians who were disappointed with Limann's Government because of
their return of the corrupt status quo from before June 4, 1979. the
PNDC government was a pragmatic government that focused on a hands-on
approach and sustainable development. The PNDC, led by Flt. Lt. J.J.
Rawlings began the process of decentralisation in Ghana which today has
created the foundation on which Ghana's democracy stands. J.J Rawlings
believed in demystifying government so that the ordinary Ghanaian could
feel that they could actively take part in decision making. Primary
health care was another policy the PNDC advocated strongly, and it put
in place policies that focused on disease prevention. In
J.J Rawlings' first official speech subsequent to the removal of the
Limann government, he announced the creation of the National Commission
on Democracy (NCD), which would begin the decentralisation of
government and the dissemination of people - power. Opposition to the
PNDC, with pressure from the United States through the CIA began
demanding a return to multi party democracy, although a referendum
showed mixed feelings by the Ghanaian citizenry on this. The National
Commission on Democracy was put into high gear to begin the process to
return the country to multi party elections. The National Commission for Democracy (NCD)
was empowered to hold regional debates and formulate some suggestions
for a transition to multi party democracy. Although opposition groups
complained that the NCD was too closely associated with the PNDC, the
commission continued its work through 1991. In March of that year the
NCD released a report recommending the election of an executive
president, the establishment of a national assembly, and the creation
of a prime minister post. The PNDC accepted the report, and the
following year it was approved in a national referendum.
Political parties were legalised - with the provision that none could
use names that had been used before - and a timetable was set for
presidential and parliamentary elections. Rawlings retired from the Ghanaian Armed Forces on September 14, 1992. When presidential elections were held in 1992, Rawlings stood as the candidate for the National Democratic Congress (NDC),
the successor party to the PNDC. Although his opponents were given
access to television and newspaper coverage, and limits to the freedom
of the press had been lifted, no single candidate could match the
popularity of the sitting head of state. Election returns on November
3, 1992 revealed that Rawlings had won 58.3 percent of the vote, for a
landslide victory. Foreign observers declared the voting to be free and
fair. Almost
immediately, the leaders of the country's opposition parties claimed
that the presidential election was not fair, and that widespread abuses
had occurred. The leaders encouraged their followers to boycott
subsequent parliamentary elections,
with the result that NDC candidates won 189 of 200 seats in the new
parliament. Rawlings was therefore accorded a four - year term backed by
an elected assembly of supporters for his platform. Answering questions
about polling place irregularities, he promised to initiate a new voter
registration program to be completed in time for elections in four
years. In 1993, President Rawlings headed the Ghana delegation which participated in the first Tokyo International Conference on African Development. Rawlings
and the NDC were elected in 1992 and 1996. Per constitutional mandate,
Rawlings's term of office ended in 2001; he retired in 2001 and was
succeeded by John Kufuor, his main opponent in the 1996 elections. Kufuor succeeded in defeating Rawlings's vice - president John Atta - Mills in the 2000 vote.
In 2004, Mills conceded to Kufuor in spite of the alleged vote rigging
by Rawlings and other NDC officials. Kufuor ran for another four years
with the mandate of the people of Ghana. In October 2010, Jerry Rawling was named AU Envoy to Somalia. The African Union chief Jean Ping has appointed Rawling to this position as he
beleived that Rawlings, 63, could be tasked with "mobilising the
continent and the rest of the international community to fully assume
its responsibilities and contribute more actively to the quest for
peace, security and reconciliation in Somalia". Rawlings
later played a key role as a check on the NPP government during his
time as the then president. He has given lectures in universities
around the world, including a lecture at Oxford University titled
'Security and Democracy in Africa.' He has continued his heavy
criticism even with his own party back in power with his former vice
President who he worked hard to elect at the helm. In
trying to stop Rawlings' NDC from coming back to power, the then ruling
NPP government had fought the election by trying to say that Rawlings
would control Mills. However Mills has proved to be rather independent
which it seems has frustrated Rawlings. |