June 26, 2014 <Back to Index>
PAGE SPONSOR |
Francisco Pizarro González, Marquess (c. 1471 or 1476 – 26 June 1541) was a Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire, and founder of Lima, the modern day capital of the Republic of Peru. Pizarro was born in the town of Trujillo, in modern day Extremadura, Spain. Sources differ in the birth year they assign to him: 1471, 1475 – 1478, or unknown. He was an out - of - wedlock son of Gonzalo Pizarro Rodríguez de Aguilar (senior) (1446 – 1522) who as colonel of infantry served in the Italian campaigns under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, and in Navarre, with some distinction. His mother was Francisca González Mateos, a woman of slender means from Trujillo, daughter of Juan Mateos, of the family called Los Roperos, and wife María Alonso, labradores pecheros from Trujillo. His mother married late in life and had a son Francisco Martín de Alcántara, married to Inés Muñoz, who from the beginning was at the conquest of Peru, where he then lived, always at his brother's side, who held him always as one of his most trusted men. Through his father, Francisco was second cousin once removed to Hernán Cortés, the famed conquistador of the Aztec Empire. On 13 February 1502, Pizarro sailed from Spain with the newly appointed Governor of Hispaniola, Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres, on a fleet of 30 ships. It was the largest fleet that had ever sailed to the New World. The 30 ships carried 2,500 colonists. In 1513, Pizarro accompanied Vasco Núñez de Balboa in his crossing of the Isthmus of Panama and they became the first Europeans to view the Pacific coast of the New World. The following year, in 1514, Pedro Arias de Avila (Pedrarias) became the newly appointed governor of Castilla de Oro and succeeded Balboa. During the next five years, Pizarro became a close associate of Pedrarias Dávila and the governor assigned him a repartimiento of natives and cattle. When Pedrarias Dávila decided to get rid of Balboa out of distrust, he instructed Pizarro to personally arrest him and bring him to stand trial. Balboa was duly convicted and beheaded in January 1519. For his loyalty to Pedrarias Dávila, Pizarro was bestowed the important political position of mayor (Alcalde) and magistrate of the then recently founded Panama City from 1519 to 1523. The first attempt to explore western South America was undertaken in 1522 by Pascual de Andagoya. The native South Americans he encountered told him about a gold rich territory called Virú, which was on a river called Pirú (later corrupted to Perú) and from which they came. These reports were related by the Spanish - Inca mestizo writer Garcilaso de la Vega in his famous Comentarios Reales de los Incas (1609). Andagoya eventually established contact with several Native American curacas (chiefs), some of whom he later claimed were sorcerers and witches. Having reached as far as the San Juan River (part of the present boundary between Ecuador and Colombia), Andagoya fell very ill and decided to return. Back in Panama, he spread the news and stories about "Pirú" – a great land to the south rich with gold (the legendary El Dorado). These revelations, along with the accounts of success of Hernán Cortés in Mexico years before, caught the immediate attention of Pizarro, prompting a new series of expeditions to the south in search of the riches of the Incan Empire. In 1524, while still in Panama, Pizarro formed a partnership with a priest, Hernando de Luque, and a soldier, Diego de Almagro, to explore and conquer the South. Pizarro, Almagro, and Luque later renewed their compact more explicitly, agreeing to conquer and divide equally among themselves the opulent empire they hoped to discover. While historians agree their accord was strictly oral (no written document exists to prove otherwise), they are known to have dubbed their enterprise the "Empresa del Levante" and determined that Pizarro would command the expedition, Almagro would provide the military and food supplies, and Luque would be in charge of finances and any additional provisions they might need.
On
13 September 1524, the first of three expeditions left from Panama for
the conquest of Peru with about 80 men and 40 horses. Diego de Almagro
was left behind because he was to recruit men, gather additional
supplies, and join Pizarro later. The Governor of Panama, Pedro Arias Dávila,
at first approved in principle of exploring South America. Pizarro's
first expedition, however, turned out to be a failure as his conquistadors,
sailing down the Pacific coast, reached no farther than Colombia before
succumbing to such hardships as bad weather, lack of food, and
skirmishes with hostile natives, one of which caused Almagro to lose an
eye by arrow shot. Moreover, the place names the Spanish bestowed along
their route, including Puerto deseado (desired port), Puerto del hambre (port of hunger), and Puerto quemado (burned port), only confirm their straits. Fearing subsequent hostile encounters like the one the expedition endured at the Battle of Punta Quemada, Pizarro chose to end his tentative first expedition and return to Panama. Two
years after the first very unsuccessful expedition, Pizarro, Almagro,
and Luque started the arrangements for a second expedition with
permission from Pedrarias Dávila. The Governor, who himself was
preparing an expedition north to Nicaragua,
was reluctant to permit another expedition, having lost confidence in
the outcome of Pizarro's expeditions. The three associates, however,
eventually won his trust and he acquiesced. Also by this time, a new
governor was to arrive and succeed Pedrarias Dávila. This was Pedro de los Ríos,
who took charge of the post in July 1526 and had manifested his initial
approval of Pizarro's expeditions (he would later join him several
years later in Peru). In
August 1526, after all preparations were ready, Pizarro left Panama
with two ships with 160 men and several horses, reaching as far as the
Colombian San Juan River. Soon after arriving the party separated, with
Pizarro staying to explore the new and often perilous territory off the
swampy Colombian coasts, while the expedition's second - in - command,
Almagro, was sent back to Panama for reinforcements. Pizarro's Piloto Mayor (main pilot), Bartolomé Ruiz, continued sailing south and, after crossing the equator, found and captured a balsa (raft) of natives from Tumbes who
were supervising the area. To everyone's surprise, these carried a load
of textiles, ceramic objects, and some much desired pieces of gold, silver, and emeralds,
making Ruiz's findings the central focus of this second expedition
which only served to pique the conquistadors' interests for more gold
and land. Some of the natives were also taken aboard Ruiz's ship to
serve later as interpreters. He
then set sail north for the San Juan river, arriving to find Pizarro
and his men exhausted from the serious difficulties they had faced
exploring the new territory. Soon Almagro also sailed into the port
with his vessel laden with supplies, and a considerable reinforcement
of at least eighty recruited men who had arrived at Panama from Spain
with the same expeditionary spirit. The findings and excellent news
from Ruiz along with Almagro's new reinforcements cheered Pizarro and
his tired followers. They then decided to sail back to the territory
already explored by Ruiz and, after a difficult voyage due to strong
winds and currents, reached Atacames in the Ecuadorian coast. Here they found a very large native population recently brought under Inca rule. Unfortunately for the conquistadors,
the warlike spirit of the people they had just encountered seemed so
defiant and dangerous in numbers that the Spanish decided not to enter
the land. After
much wrangling between Pizarro and Almagro, it was decided that Pizarro
would stay at a safer place, the Isla de Gallo, near the coast, while
Almagro would return yet again to Panama with Luque for more
reinforcements – this time with proof of the gold they had just found
and the news of the discovery of an obvious wealthy land they had just
explored. The new governor of Panama, Pedro de los Ríos, had
learned of the mishaps of Pizarro's expeditions and the deaths of
various settlers who had gone with him. Fearing an unsuccessful
outcome, he outright rejected Almagro's application for a third
expedition in 1527. In
addition, he ordered two ships commanded by Juan Tafur to be sent
immediately with the intention of bringing Pizarro and everyone back to
Panama. The leader of the expedition had no intention of returning, and
when Tafur arrived at the now famous Isla de Gallo, Pizarro drew a line in the sand, saying: "There lies Peru with its riches; Here, Panama and its poverty. Choose, each man, what best becomes a brave Castilian." Only thirteen men decided to stay with Pizarro and later became known as "The Famous Thirteen" (Los trece de la fama),
while the rest of the expeditioners left back with Tafur aboard his
ships. Ruiz also left in one of the ships with the intention of joining
Almagro and Luque in their efforts to gather more reinforcements and
eventually return to aid Pizarro. Soon after the ships left, the 13 men
and Pizarro constructed a crude boat and left nine miles (14 km)
north for La Isla Gorgona, where they would remain for seven months before the arrival of new provisions. Back
in Panama, Pedro de los Ríos (after much convincing by Luque)
had finally acquiesced to the requests for another ship, but only to
bring Pizarro back within six months and completely abandon the
expedition. Both Almagro and Luque quickly grasped the opportunity and
left Panama (this time without new recruits) for La Isla Gorgona to
once again join Pizarro. On meeting with Pizarro, the associates
decided to continue sailing south on the recommendations of Ruiz's
Indian interpreters. By April 1528, they finally reached the
northwestern Peruvian Tumbes Region.
Tumbes became the territory of the first fruits of success the Spanish
had so long desired, as they were received with a warm welcome of
hospitality and provisions from theTumpis, the local
inhabitants. On subsequent days two of Pizarro's men reconnoitered the
territory and both, on separate accounts, reported back the incredible
riches of the land, including the decorations of silver and gold around
the chief's residence and the hospitable attentions which they were
received with by everyone. The Spanish also saw, for the first time,
the Peruvian Llama which
Pizarro called the "little camels". The natives also began calling the
Spanish the "Children of the Sun" due to their fair complexion and
brilliant armor. Pizarro, meanwhile, continued receiving the same
accounts of a powerful monarch who ruled over the land they were
exploring. These events only served as evidence to convince the
expedition of the wealth and power displayed at Tumbes as an example of
the riches the Peruvian territory had awaiting to conquer. The
conquistadors decided to return to Panama to prepare the final
expedition of conquest with more recruits and provisions. Before
leaving, however, Pizarro and his followers sailed south not so far
along the coast to see if anything of interest could be found. Historian William H. Prescott recounts
that after passing through territories they named such as Cabo Blanco,
port of Payta, Sechura, Punta de Aguja, Santa Cruz, and Trujillo (founded
by Almagro years later), they finally reached for the first time the
ninth degree of the southern latitude in South America. On their return
towards Panama, Pizarro briefly stopped at Tumbes, where two of his men
had decided to stay to learn the customs and language of the natives.
Pizarro was also offered a native or two himself, one of which was
later baptized as Felipillo and served as an important interpreter, the equivalent of Cortés' La Malinche of
Mexico. Their final stop was at La Isla Gorgona, where two of his ill
men (one had died) had stayed before. After at least eighteen months
away, Pizarro and his followers anchored off the coasts of Panama to
prepare for the final expedition.
When
the new governor of Panama, Pedro de los Ríos, had refused to
allow for a third expedition to the south, the associates resolved for
Pizarro to leave for Spain and appeal to the sovereign in person.
Pizarro sailed from Panama for Spain in the spring of 1528, reaching Seville in early summer. King Charles I, who was at Toledo,
had an interview with Pizarro and heard of his expeditions in South
America, a territory the conquistador described as very rich in gold
and silver which he and his followers had bravely explored "to extend
the empire of Castile." The King, who was soon to leave for Italy, was
impressed at the accounts of Pizarro and promised to give his support
for the conquest of Peru. It would be Queen Isabel, however, who, in the absence of the King, would sign the Capitulación de Toledo, a license document which authorized Francisco Pizarro to proceed with the conquest of Peru. Pizarro was officially named the Governor, Captain General, and the "Adelantado"
of the New Castile for the distance of 200 leagues along the newly
discovered coast, and invested with all the authority and prerogatives,
his associates being left in wholly secondary positions (a fact which
later incensed Almagro and would lead to eventual discords with
Pizarro). One of the conditions of the grant was that within six months
Pizarro should raise a sufficiently equipped force of two hundred and
fifty men, of whom one hundred might be drawn from the colonies. This gave Pizarro time to leave for his native Trujillo and convince his brother Hernando Pizarro and other close friends to join him on his third expedition. Along with him also came Francisco de Orellana, who would later discover and explore the entire length of the Amazon River. Two more of his brothers, Juan Pizarro and Gonzalo Pizarro, would later decide to also join him as well as his cousin Pedro Pizarro who served as his page.
When the expedition was ready and left the following year, it numbered
three ships, one hundred and eighty men, and twenty - seven horses. Since Pizarro could not meet the number of men the Capitulación had required, he sailed clandestinely from the port of Sanlúcar de Barrameda for the Canary Island of La Gomera in January 1530. He was there to be joined by his brother Hernando and
the remaining men in two vessels that would sail back to Panama.
Pizarro's third and final expedition left Panama for Peru on 27
December 1530. In
1532 Pizarro once again landed in the coasts near Ecuador, where some
gold, silver, and emeralds were procured and then dispatched to
Almagro, who had stayed in Panama to gather more recruits. Though
Pizarro's main objective was then to set sail and dock at Tumbes like
his previous expedition, he was forced to confront the Punian natives
in the Battle of Puná, leaving three Spaniards dead and 400 dead or wounded Punians. Soon after, Hernando de Soto,
another conquistador that had joined the expedition, arrived to aid
Pizarro and with him sailed towards Tumbes, only to find the place
deserted and destroyed. Their two fellow conquistadors expected they
had disappeared or died under murky circumstances. The chiefs explained
the fierce tribes of Punians had attacked them and ransacked the place. As
Tumbes no longer afforded the safe accommodations Pizarro sought, he
decided to lead an excursion into the interior of the land and
established the first Spanish settlement in Peru (third in South
America after Santa Marta, Colombia, in 1526), calling it San Miguel de Piura in July 1532. The first repartimiento in
Peru was established here. After these events, Hernando de Soto was
dispatched to explore the new lands and, after various days away,
returned with an envoy from the Inca himself and a few presents with an invitation for a meeting with the Spaniards. Following the defeat of his brother, Huáscar, Atahualpa had
been resting in the Sierra of northern Peru, near Cajamarca, in the
nearby thermal baths known today as the Baños del Inca (Incan
Baths). After marching for almost two months towards Cajamarca, Pizarro
and his force of just 106 foot soldiers and 62 horsemen arrived and
initiated proceedings for a meeting with Atahualpa. Pizarro sent
Hernando de Soto, friar Vicente de Valverde and
native interpreter Felipillo to approach Atahualpa at Cajamarca's
central plaza. Atahualpa, however, refused the Spanish presence in his
land by saying he would "be no man's tributary." His complacency,
because there were fewer than 200 Spanish as opposed to his 80,000
soldiers sealed his fate and that of the Incan empire. Atahualpa's refusal led Pizarro and his force to attack the Incan army in what became the Battle of Cajamarca on
16 November 1532. The Spanish were successful and Pizarro executed
Atahualpa's 12 man honor guard and took the Inca captive at the
so-called ransom room. Despite fulfilling his promise of filling one room (22 feet (7 m) by 17 feet (5 m)) with
gold and two with silver, Atahualpa was convicted of killing his
brother and plotting against Pizarro and his forces, and was executed by garrote on
26 July 1533. Pizarro wished to find a reason for executing Atahualpa
without angering the people he was attempting to subdue. Pizarro's
brother Hernando and de Soto opposed Atahualpa's execution, considering
it an injustice. They objected to the evidence as wholly insufficient
and were of the opinion that Pizzaro had no competence to sentence a
sovereign prince in his own dominions. A year later, Pizarro invaded Cuzco with
indigenous troops and with it sealed the conquest of Peru. It is argued
by some historians that the growing resistance from the new Inca, Manco Inca Yupanqui, prolonged the conquest. Manco Inca Yupanqui was the brother of the puppet ruler, Túpac Huallpa. During the exploration of Cuzco, Pizarro was impressed and through his officers wrote back to King Charles I of Spain, saying: "This
city is the greatest and the finest ever seen in this country or
anywhere in the Indies... We can assure your Majesty that it is so
beautiful and has such fine buildings that it would be remarkable even
in Spain." After the Spanish had sealed the conquest of Peru by taking Cuzco in 1533, Jauja in the fertile Mantaro Valley was
established as Peru's provisional capital in April 1534. But it was too
far up in the mountains and far from the sea to serve as the Spanish
capital of Peru. Pizarro thus founded the city of Lima in
Peru's central coast on 18 January 1535, a foundation that he
considered as one of the most important things he had created in life. After the final effort of the Inca to recover Cuzco had been defeated by Almagro, a dispute occurred between him and Pizarro respecting the limits of their jurisdiction. This led to confrontations between the Pizarro brothers and Almagro, who was eventually defeated during the Battle of Las Salinas (1538) and executed. Almagro's son, also named Diego and known as "El Mozo", was later stripped of his lands and left bankrupt by Pizarro. Atahualpa's
wife, ten year old Cuxirimay Ocllo Yupanqui, was with Atahualpa's army
in Cajamarca and had stayed with him while he was imprisoned. Following
his execution she was taken to Cuzco and
given the name Dona Angelina. By 1538 it was known she was Pizarro's
mistress, having borne him two sons, Juan and Francisco.
In Lima, Peru on 26 June 1541 "a group of twenty heavily armed supporters of
Diego Almagro II stormed
Pizarro's palace, assassinated him, and then forced the terrified city
council to appoint young Almagro as the new governor of Peru",
according to Burkholder and Johnson. "Most
of Pizarro's guests fled, but a few fought the intruders, numbered
variously between seven and 25. While Pizarro struggled to buckle on
his breastplate, his defenders, including his half brother
Alcántara, were killed. For his part Pizarro killed two
attackers and ran through a third. While trying to pull out his sword,
he was stabbed in the throat, then fell to the floor where he was
stabbed many times." Pizarro
(who now was maybe as old as 70 years, and at least 62), collapsed on
the floor, alone, painted a cross in his own blood and cried for Jesus Christ. He reportedly cried: Come my faithful sword, companion of all my deeds. He died moments after. Diego de Almagro the younger was caught and executed the following year after losing the battle of Chupas. Pizarro's
remains were briefly interred in the cathedral courtyard; at some later
time his head and body were separated and buried in separate boxes
underneath the floor of the cathedral. In 1892, in preparation for the
anniversary of Columbus' discovery of the Americas, a body believed to be that of Pizarro was exhumed and put on display in a glass coffin. However, in 1977 men working on the cathedral's foundation discovered a lead box
in a sealed niche, which bore the inscription "Here is the head of Don
Francisco Pizarro Demarkes, Don Francisco Pizarro who discovered Peru
and presented it to the crown of Castile." A team of forensic scientists from the United States, led by Dr. William Maples,
was invited to examine the two bodies, and they soon determined that
the body which had been honored in the glass case for nearly a century
had been incorrectly identified. The skull within the lead box not only
bore the marks of multiple sword blows, but the features bore a
remarkable resemblance to portraits made of the man in life. Historians
have often compared Pizarro and Cortés' conquests in North and
South America as very similar in style and career. Pizarro, however,
faced the Incas with a smaller army and fewer resources than
Cortés at a much greater distance from the Spanish Caribbean
outposts that could easily support him, which has led some to rank
Pizarro slightly ahead of Cortés in their battles for conquest.
Based on sheer numbers alone, Pizarro's military victory was one of the
most improbable in recorded history. For example, Pizarro had fewer
soldiers than George Armstrong Custer did at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, while the Incas commanded forty times as many soldiers as Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull did. Though
Pizarro is well known in Peru for being the leader behind the Spanish
conquest of the Inca Empire, a growing number of Peruvians regard him
as a kind of criminal. By
taking advantage of the natives, Pizarro ruled Peru for almost a decade
and initiated the decline of Inca culture. The Incas’ polytheistic
religion was replaced by Christianity and both Quechua and Aymara —
the main Inca languages — were reduced to a marginal role in society
for centuries, while Spanish became the official language of Peru,
Ecuador, Bolivia and Chile. The cities of the Inca Empire were
transformed into Spanish, Catholic cities. Pizarro is also vilified for
having ordered Atahualpa's death despite his paid ransom of filling a
room with gold and two with silver which was later split among all his
closest Spanish associates after a fifth share had been set aside for
the king. In
the early 1930s, sculptor Ramsey MacDonald created three copies of an
anonymous European foot soldier resembling a conquistador with a
helmet, wielding a sword and riding a horse. The first copy was offered
to Mexico to represent Hernán Cortés, though it was
rejected. Since the Spanish conquerors had the same appearance with
helmet and beard, the statue was taken to Lima in 1934. One other copy
of the statue resides in Wisconsin. The mounted statue of Pizarro in
the Plaza Major in Trujillo, Spain, was created by Charles Rumsey, an
American sculptor. It was presented to the city by his widow in 1926. In
2003, after years of lobbying by indigenous and mixed raced majority
requesting for the equestrian statue of Pizarro to be removed, the
mayor of Lima, Luis Castañeda Lossio, approved the transfer of the statue to another location: an adjacent square to the country's Government Palace.
Since 2004, however, Pizarro's statue has been placed in a
rehabilitated park surrounded by the recently restored 17th century
pre-Hispanic murals in the Rímac District. The statue faces the Rímac River and the Government Palace. After
their return from Peru and notoriously rich, the Pizarro family erected
a plateresque - style palace on the corner of the Plaza Mayor in Trujillo, Spain.
It was said to have been constructed on the orders of Pizarro's
daughter, Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui. It became an instant recognizable
symbol of the plaza. The
opulent palace is sctructured in four stands, giving it the
significance of the coat of arms of the Pizarro family, which is
situated at one of its corner balconies displaying its iconographic
content. At one of its sides it displays Francisco Pizarro and, at the
other, his wife, the Inca princess Inés Huaylas, along with
their daughter Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui and her husband Hernando
Pizarro. The building's decor includes plateresque ornaments and
balustrades. |