José Martiniano de Alencar (May 1, 1829, in Fortaleza, Northeast of Brazil — December 12, 1877) was a Brazilian lawyer, politician, orator, novelist and dramatist. He is one of the most famous writers of the first generation of Brazilian Romanticism, writing historical, regionalist and Indianist romances — being the most famous The Guarani. He wrote some works under pen name Erasmo.

He is patron of the 23rd chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters.

José Martiniano de Alencar was born in what is today the bairro of Messejana, Fortaleza, on May 1, 1829, to priest (and later senator) José Martiniano Pereira de Alencar and his cousin Ana Josefina de Alencar. Moving to São Paulo in 1844, he graduated in Law at the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo in 1850 and started to follow his lawyer career at Rio de Janeiro. Invited by his friend Francisco Otaviano, he became a collaborator for journal Correio Mercantil. He also wrote for the Diário do Rio de Janeiro and the Jornal do Commercio.

It was in the Diário do Rio de Janeiro, during the year of 1856, that Alencar gained notoriety, writing the Cartas sobre A Confederação dos Tamoios, under the pseudonym Ig. In those, he criticized the homonymous poem by Gonçalves de Magalhães. Also in 1856, he wrote and published under feuilleton form his first romance: Cinco Minutos.

He was a personal friend of Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis. Coincidentally, Alencar is the patron of the chair Assis occupied.

He died in Rio de Janeiro in 1877, a victim of tuberculosis.