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John McDouall Stuart (7 September 1815 – 5 June 1866) was one of the most accomplished and famous of all Australia's inland explorers. Stuart led the first successful expedition to traverse the Australian mainland from south to north and return, and the first to do so from a starting point in South Australia, achieving this despite poor backing from the Government of South Australia. His experience and the care he showed for his team ensured he never lost a man, despite the harshness of the country he encountered. The explorations of Stuart eventually resulted in the Adelaide - Darwin telegraph being built and the main route from Port Augusta to Darwin being established, which is now known as the Stuart Highway in his honour. Born in Dysart, Fife, Scotland, Stuart was the youngest of nine children. His father was a retired army captain serving as a customs officer. Stuart's parents died when he was in his early teens and he came under the care of relatives. He graduated from the Scottish Naval and Military Academy as a civil engineer before emigrating to Australia in 1838 at the age of 23. Stuart was a slight, delicately built young man, standing about 5' 6" tall (168 cm) and weighing less than 9 stone (about 55 kg). In 1839 he arrived in the three year old frontier colony of South Australia, at that time little more than a single crowded outpost of tents and dirt floored wooden huts. Stuart soon found employment as a public surveyor, working in the semi - arid scrub of the newly settled districts marking out blocks for settlers and miners. In 1842 the committee he was working for reduced the number of employees and Stuart lost his job. This didn't bother Stuart greatly as he became a private surveyor and kept working in the remote areas he loved. Life in the surveying camps was harsh but Stuart rapidly earned a reputation for extraordinary accuracy. The South Australian Surveyor - General, Stuart's superior officer, was the famous explorer Captain Charles Sturt, who had already solved the mystery of the inland - flowing rivers of New South Wales, in the process discovering the Darling River, travelling the full length of the Murrumbidgee, and tracing the Murray to the sea. Stuart remained with the Survey Department until 1842 and then worked in the Mount Lofty Ranges as a private surveyor and grazier. In 1844 Captain Sturt embarked on an expedition into the arid interior, and engaged Stuart as a draughtsman. Sturt's expedition penetrated further north than any previous attempt, at the cost of great hardship. Instead of the hoped - for inland sea, the explorers found two of the most fearsome arid areas anywhere in Australia: Sturt Stony Desert and the Simpson Desert. After second - in - command James Poole died of scurvy, Sturt appointed Stuart in his place. Both men survived to return to Adelaide, but suffered greatly from scurvy. Sturt never really recovered and soon returned to England; the younger Stuart was unable to work or travel for a year. Stuart returned to his trade as a private surveyor, spending more and more time in the remote areas he loved, and moving to Port Lincoln for several years before moving again to the northern Flinders Ranges where he worked for the wealthy pastoralists William Finke, James Chambers, and John Chambers, exploring, prospecting for minerals, and surveying pastoral leases. He was a member of Stephen Hack's expedition of May and June 1857 looking for grazing country north and west of Streaky Bay and a private expedition to Lake Gairdner with Anthony Forster (later to become editor of The Register) in 1858.
On 14 May 1858, with financial backing from William Finke, Stuart set off
on the first of his six major expeditions. His aim was to find minerals,
a land which the aborigines called Wingillpinin, and new grazing land
in the north-west of South Australia. Stuart
took two companions (another white man named Forster and a young
Aboriginal man), a pocket compass, a watch, half a dozen horses, and
rations for six weeks. From the Flinders Ranges, Stuart travelled west,
passing to the south of Lake Torrens, then north along the western edge of Lake Torrens. He found an isolated chain of semi - permanent waterholes which he named Chamber's Creek (now called Stuart Creek). It later became crucially important as a staging post for expeditions to the arid centre of the continent. Shortly
after returning from his first expedition, Stuart applied for a
pastoral lease at Chambers Creek. As the discoverer he was already
entitled to a lease, but wanted rights to a larger area. As a
bargaining chip in the negotiation process, Stuart offered to do the
surveying himself and in April 1859 he set off with a party of three
men and 15 horses. The Chambers Creek survey complete, Stuart explored
to the north again, aiming to reach the border between South Australia
and what is now the Northern Territory (at that time still a part of New South Wales).
Although still well supplied with rations and not short of water, the
expedition turned back about 100 kilometres short of the border because
they had no more horse shoes (an essential item in that arid, stony
region). Importantly, however, Stuart had found another reliable water
supply for future attempts: a "beautiful spring" fed by the then unknown Great Artesian Basin. He wrote: I
have named this "The Spring of Hope". It is a little brackish, not from
salt, but soda, and runs a good stream of water. I have lived upon far
worse water than this: to me it is of the utmost importance, and keeps
my retreat open. I can go from here to Adelaide any time of the year and
in any sort of season. He
returned in July with reports of "wonderful country"; an extraordinary
description of territory that is now barely able to support a few
cattle. (The
history of Australia generally, and of South Australia in particular,
has many similar examples of initial optimism that proved unjustified.
Explorers and early settlers often chanced to see an area during a rare
good season and consequently assumed that it could be used for sheep,
cattle, or even wheat. The inevitable return to normal weather patterns
resulted in heartbreak and bankruptcy for the farmer, and destruction
of the thin and fragile topsoil layer. Farmers who advanced into the
Flinders Ranges in the good seasons of the 1870s were forced to abandon
their new lands en masse during the drought of the early 1880s.) At
around this time in Australia, exploration fever was reaching a peak.
Several factors contributed. At "home" (as Australians still called
Britain), public attention was focussed on the search for the source of
the Nile, with the competing expeditions of Speke, Burton and Baker all
contending for the honour of discovery. Like the interior of Africa,
inland Australia remained an embarrassing blank area on the map and
although the long held dreams of a fertile inland sea had faded, there
was an intense desire to see the continent crossed. This was the apex of
the age of heroic exploration. Additionally, there was the factor of the telegraph.
Invented only a few decades earlier, the technology had matured rapidly
and a global network of undersea and overland cables was taking shape.
The line from England had already reached India and plans were being made to extend it to the major population centres of Australia in Victoria and
New South Wales. Several of the mainland colonies were competing to
host the Australian terminus of the telegraph: Western Australia and New
South Wales proposed long undersea cables; South Australia proposed
employing the shortest possible undersea cable and bringing the
telegraph ashore in Australia's Top End.
From there it would run overland for 3,000 kilometres south to
Adelaide. The difficulty was obvious: the proposed route was not only
remote and (so far as European settlers were concerned) uninhabited, it
was simply a vast blank space on the map. At
much the same time, the wealthy rival colony Victoria was preparing the
biggest and most lavishly equipped expedition in Australia's history.
The South Australian government offered a reward of £2,000 to any
person able to cross the continent and discover a suitable route for the
telegraph from Adelaide to the north coast. Stuart's friends and
sponsors, James & John Chambers and Finke, asked the government to
put up £1,000 to equip an expedition to be led by Stuart. The
South Australian government, however, ignored Stuart and instead
sponsored an expedition led by Alexander Tolmer, which failed miserably, failing to travel beyond the settled districts. Meanwhile,
Stuart was entangled with other problems. Some of the land he had
claimed and surveyed in the Chambers Creek district on his second trip
had in fact already been explored and claimed by people attracted to the
area by reports of Stuart's first trip. Stuart needed to return to
Chambers Creek to re-survey his claims. He left Adelaide with a small
party in August 1859. Having surveyed his own claim and several new
claims on behalf of his sponsors, Stuart spent the spring and summer
exploring the area west of Lake Eyre, finding several more artesian
springs. Working through the severe heat of summer, Stuart experienced
trouble with his eyes because of the glare, and after some time enduring
half rations, all but one of his men refused to leave camp.
Contemptuously, Stuart sent them home. William
Kekwick, his remaining companion, was reputed for his steadfastness and
would stay with Stuart for the remainder of his career, usually
organising the supply bases while Stuart scouted ahead. Kekwick went
south for provisions and more men, returning with 13 horses, rations for
three months, however only a single man; Benjamin Head.
On
2 March 1860 the three men left Chambers Creek, aiming to find the
centre of Australia. As always, Stuart travelled light, taking only as
much as could be carried on a few pack horses. The secret to successful
exploration, in Stuart's view, was to travel fast and avoid the delays
and complications that always attend a large supply train. By the time they reached Neale's Creek (near present day Oodnadatta)
unexpected rain had ruined most of their stores and they continued on
half - rations — something that Head, who had started the trip as a big
man and weighed twice as much as Stuart, found difficult to adjust to.
Water became more and more difficult to find and scurvy began
to set in. Stuart's right eye was failing. Nevertheless, they found a
major watercourse in early April which Stuart named the Finke River, and followed it north - west over the South Australian border to the MacDonnell Ranges, which he named after Sir Richard Graves MacDonnell, Governor of South Australia, on 12 April 1860. On 22 April 1860, according to Stuart's calculations, the party reached the centre of the continent. Stuart wrote: There
is a high mount about two miles to the NNE which I hoped would be in
the centre but on it tomorrow I will raise a cone of stones and plant
the Flag there and will name it Mount Sturt after my excellent and
esteemed commander of the expedition in 1844 and 45, Captain Sturt, as a
mark of gratitude for the great kindness I received from him during
that journey. (In fact the mountain became known as Central Mount Stuart after
Stuart himself, not his mentor Sturt, and geographers no longer regard
it as the true centre of Australia. Nevertheless, it retains its
symbolic value.) The
explorers were unable to progress much further north. Lack of water
forced them back again and again. Stuart's scurvy was growing worse,
Head was now half his original weight, and only Kekwick remained capable
of heavy work. Then, on 22 May, it rained. With water now available
nearly every day, they made good mileage and by mid June were able to
reach a riverbed which Stuart named Tennant's Creek (now the site of the
township Tennant Creek). The worst of the country was now behind them and they were only about 800 km from the coast. From
here, however, progress seemed impossible. A four day excursion to the
north - west found no water at all and they had to retreat. After giving
the horses a week to recover, they tried heading due north. They found
another creek (later named Attack Creek) but were blocked by heavy
scrub. Unlike those further south, the Warramunga Aboriginal people were
hostile. On 26 June they raided the explorers' camp. One stole the
shoeing rasp (which Stuart was able to recover); others threw boomerangs
at the horses and set fire to the grass around the camp. Like Sturt
(and unlike some of the other Australian explorers) Stuart generally got
on well with the Aboriginal people he encountered but he was unable to
negotiate with this group and considered it unsafe to continue. That
night, with even the indefatigable Kekwick complaining of weakness, the
explorers abandoned their attempt to reach the north coast and
reluctantly turned south. It
was 2,400 kilometres to Adelaide, all three men had scurvy, supplies
were very short, the horses were in poor condition, and the country was
drying out. Nevertheless, the party pressed on at Stuart's customary
rapid pace. They reached the safety of Chambers Creek in August. A few
days earlier, on 20 August 1860, the larger Burke and Wills expedition had finally left Melbourne. Stuart
reached Adelaide in October 1860. Although he had narrowly failed to
cross the continent, his achievement in crossing the centre was immense,
ranked with Speke's discovery of the source of the Nile. He was awarded
the Royal Geographical Society's Patron's Medal — only the second
person (after Dr Livingstone)
to be given double honours by that august body. Belatedly, even the
South Australian government started to recognise Stuart's abilities. James
Chambers put forward a plan for Stuart and Kekwick to return north with
a government provided armed guard to see them past the difficulties at
Attack Creek. The government prevaricated and quibbled about cost,
personnel, and ultimate control of the expedition, but eventually agreed
to contribute ten armed men and £2,500; and put Stuart in
operational command. (In contrast, the Burke and Wills expedition had cost £9,000 to establish. That expedition had already reached the Darling River in northern New South Wales.) Stuart
left Chambers Creek with a dozen men, 49 horses and rations for 30
weeks on 1 January 1861. It was high summer in South Australia and the
worst possible time for travelling. Stuart was soon forced to send two
men and the five weakest horses back. The heat was extreme and the party
often delayed while Stuart searched for fodder and water. They were
still in northern South Australia on 11 February, the day that Burke and
Wills reached the Gulf of Carpentaria.
With difficulty, Stuart's party had reached the MacDonnell Ranges when
heavy rains came, allowing them to press on northwards at a much better
pace. They reached Attack Creek on 24 April 1861, this time finding no
sign of the hostile tribesmen that had blocked the last attempt. At
about the same time — and unknown to Stuart's party, of course — Burke,
Wills and King reached their base camp at Cooper Creek only
to find it deserted. The fourth member of their party, Charles Gray,
was already dead; Wills and then Burke perished within a few more days,
leaving only King to be sustained by the kindness of the local
Aborigines. Stuart still planned to march north - west towards the known region of Victoria River,
which had been mapped by A.C. Gregory in 1845. Leaving the main
expedition to rest, he led a series of small parties in that direction,
but was blocked by thick scrub and a complete lack of water. After a
great deal of effort, the scouting parties managed to find another
watering point 80 kilometres further north and Stuart moved the main
body up. Over the next two weeks Stuart made three more attempts to find
a practicable route over the plains to the north - west, but without
success. Finally, he decided to try heading due north. He was rewarded
with the discovery of "a splendid sheet of water" 150 metres wide and 7
kilometres long which he named Glandfield Lagoon. (It was later renamed Newcastle Waters after a scandal involving the then Mayor of Adelaide, Edward Glandfield.) For
five more weeks the party camped at Newcastle Waters while Stuart tried
to find a north - westward route to take them to Victoria River and thus
the sea. The local Aboriginal people were unfriendly, lighting fires
around the camp and spooking the horses, and Kekwick had to mount an
armed sentry with instructions to fire warning shots whenever they came
near. Provisions were running short and both men and horses were in poor
condition. Finally, on 1 July 1861, exactly six months after they had
left Chambers Creek, Stuart ordered a return. In the relative cool of
the southern winter, they travelled fast, reaching the settled regions
of South Australia in September. When
Stuart learned that Burke and Wills were missing he immediately offered
to join the search for them. The first rescue teams had left some time
earlier, however, and soon returned with the news that no less than 7
members of the largest and best equipped expedition in Australia's
history had died. Public
exploration mania had cooled considerably. Although Stuart had now led
five expeditions into the arid centre of Australia and crossed all but
the last few hundred miles of the continent without losing a man, the
South Australian government was initially reluctant to back a sixth
effort. However, the prospect of establishing a route for an overland
telegraph line became a significant factor. The government finally
provided £2,000 at the last minute on condition that Stuart took a
scientist with him. James & John Chambers along with William Finke
remained the principal private backers. The
main body of Stuart's sixth expedition left Adelaide in late October
1861, leaving Stuart behind for a time to recover from an accidental
injury to his hand. However they did not leave Chambers Creek until 8
January 1862, numbering 10 men and 71 horses. Benjamin Head, veteran of
the fourth and fifth expeditions was still too ill to accompany them.
The party made good time to Newcastle Waters, reaching that point on 5
April, and experiencing conflict with the local Aborigines once again.
Here they rested for a week before Stuart led a scouting party north,
finding good water for the main body to move up to. The next stage,
however, proved more difficult. Five times Stuart and his scouts tried
to find a route towards Victoria River without success. Finally he
headed north rather than north - west and was rewarded with a series of
small waterholes leading to Daly Waters, about 150 kilometres north of Newcastle Waters. Stuart made one last attempt to reach Victoria River before continuing north into the Top End. On 9 June he reached a territory that had already been mapped and 1 July the Mary River. Finally, on 24 July 1862 Stuart reached the beach at Chambers Bay (east of present day Darwin). Places named after John McDouall Stuart include: Stuart Street, an arterial road in the Canberra suburb of Griffith, the Stuart Highway, Stuart Park, an inner Darwin suburb, Central Mount Stuart, the Electoral division of Stuart in the Northern Territory, an electoral division in South Australia, and the town of Stuart, which was changed to Alice Springs in 1933. A statue honouring Stuart can be found in Victoria Square, Adelaide, while in Darwin, both a statue and a monument celebrate his achievements. In
March 2010, the Alice Springs Freemasons commissioned a 4 metre high
ferro - concrete statue of Stuart for donation to the Alice Springs Town
Council to commemorate the 150th anniversary of Stuart's fourth
expedition, during which he had reached what later became the town of
Alice Springs. The Town Council approved the project in breach of its
own public art policy, sparking widespread public controversy; many
locals objected to a memorial featuring a white man carrying a gun in a
town where race relations between indigenous and non - indigenous
communities remains a sensitive issue. |