August 24, 2015 <Back to Index>
PAGE SPONSOR |
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી; (Devnagari मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी); 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was the pre-eminent political and ideological leader of India during the Indian independence movement. A pioneer of satyagraha, or resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience — a philosophy firmly founded upon ahimsa, or total nonviolence — Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. Gandhi is often referred to as Mahatma (Sanskrit: महात्माmahātmā or "Great Soul," an honorific first applied to him by Rabindranath Tagore). In India, he is also called Bapu (Gujarati: બાપુ, bāpu or "Father") and officially honoured as the Father of the Nation. His birthday, 2 October, is commemorated in India as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and worldwide as the International Day of Non-Violence. Gandhi first employed non-violent civil disobedience as an expatriate lawyer in South Africa, in the resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights. After his return to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers in protesting excessive land tax and discrimination. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, increasing economic self - reliance, but above all for achieving Swaraj — the independence of India from foreign domination. Gandhi famously led Indians in protesting the British imposed salt tax with the 400 km (250 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned for many years, on many occasions, in both South Africa and India. Gandhi
strove to practice non-violence and truth in all situations, and
advocated that others do the same. He lived modestly in a self - sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn he had hand spun on a charkha. He ate simple vegetarian food, and also undertook long fasts as means of both self - purification and social protest. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 in Porbandar, a coastal town which was then part of the Bombay Presidency, British India. He was born in his ancestral home, now known as Kirti Mandir, Porbandar. His father, Karamchand Gandhi (1822 – 1885), who belonged to the Hindu Modh community, served as the diwan (a high official) of Porbander state, a small princely state in the Kathiawar Agency of British India. His grandfather was Uttamchand Gandhi, fondly called Utta Gandhi. His mother, Putlibai, who came from the Hindu Pranami Vaishnava community, was Karamchand's fourth wife, the first three wives having apparently died in childbirth. Growing up with a devout mother and the Jain traditions
of the region, the young Mohandas absorbed early the influences that
would play an important role in his adult life; these included
compassion for sentient beings, vegetarianism, fasting for
self - purification, and mutual tolerance among individuals of different
creeds. The Indian classics, especially the stories of Shravana and Maharaja Harishchandra,
had a great impact on Gandhi in his childhood. In his autobiography, he
admits that it left an indelible impression on his mind. He writes: "It
haunted me and I must have acted Harishchandra to myself times without
number." Gandhi's early self - identification with Truth and Love as
supreme values is traceable to these epic characters. In May 1883, the 13 year old Mohandas was married to 14 year old Kasturbai Makhanji (her first name was usually shortened to "Kasturba", and affectionately to "Ba") in an arranged child marriage, according to the custom of the region. Recalling
the day of their marriage, he once said, "As we didn't know much about
marriage, for us it meant only wearing new clothes, eating sweets and
playing with relatives." However, as was also the custom of the region,
the adolescent bride was to spend much time at her parents' house, and
away from her husband. In
1885, when Gandhi was 15, the couple's first child was born, but
survived only a few days, and Gandhi's father, Karamchand Gandhi, had
died earlier that year. Mohandas and Kasturba had four more children, all sons: Harilal, born in 1888; Manilal, born in 1892; Ramdas, born in 1897; and Devdas, born in 1900. At his middle school in Porbandar and high school in Rajkot, Gandhi remained an average student. He passed the matriculation exam for Samaldas College at Bhavnagar, Gujarat, with some difficulty. While there, he was unhappy, in part because his family wanted him to become a barrister. On 4 September 1888, Gandhi travelled to London, England, to study law at University College London where he studied Indian law and jurisprudence and to train as a barrister at the Inner Temple. His
time in London, the Imperial capital, was influenced by a vow he had
made to his mother in the presence of the Jain monk Becharji, upon
leaving India, to observe the Hindu precepts of abstinence from meat,
alcohol, and promiscuity. Although
Gandhi experimented with adopting "English" customs — taking dancing
lessons for example — he could not stomach the bland vegetarian food
offered by his landlady, and he was always hungry until he found one of
London's few vegetarian restaurants. Influenced by Salt's book, he joined the Vegetarian Society, was elected to its executive committee, and started a local Bayswater chapter. Some of the vegetarians he met were members of the Theosophical Society, which had been founded in 1875 to further universal brotherhood, and which was devoted to the study of Buddhist and Hindu literature. They encouraged Gandhi to join them in reading the Bhagavad Gita both in translation as well as in the original. Not having shown interest in religion before, he became interested in religious thought and began to read Hindu, Muslim and Christian scriptures. Gandhi was called to the bar on 10 June 1891. Two days later, he left London for India, where he learned that his mother had died while he was in London and that his family had kept the news from him. His attempts at establishing a law practice in Bombay failed and, later, after applying and being turned down for a part time job as a high school teacher, he ended up returning to Rajkot to
make a modest living drafting petitions for litigants, a business he
was forced to close when he ran foul of a British officer. In his
autobiography, Gandhi refers to this incident as an unsuccessful attempt
to lobby on behalf of his older brother. It
was in this climate that, in April 1893, he accepted a year long
contract from Dada Abdulla & Co., an Indian firm, to a post in the Colony of Natal, South Africa, then part of the British Empire.\
In South Africa, Gandhi faced the discrimination directed at Indians. He was thrown off a train at Pietermaritzburg after refusing to move from the first class to a third class coach while holding a valid first class ticket. Travelling farther on by stagecoach, he was beaten by a driver for refusing to move to make room for a European passenger. He
suffered other hardships on the journey as well, including being barred
from several hotels. In another incident, the magistrate of a Durban court ordered Gandhi to remove his turban, which he refused to do. These
events were a turning point in Gandhi's life: they shaped his social
activism and awakened him to social injustice. After witnessing racism, prejudice and injustice against Indians in South Africa, Gandhi began to question his place in society and his people's standing in the British Empire. Gandhi
extended his original period of stay in South Africa to assist Indians
in opposing a bill to deny them the right to vote. Though unable to
halt the bill's passage, his campaign was successful in drawing
attention to the grievances of Indians in South Africa. He helped found
the Natal Indian Congress in 1894, and
through this organisation, he moulded the Indian community of South
Africa into a unified political force. In January 1897, when Gandhi
landed in Durban, a mob of white settlers attacked him and he escaped
only through the efforts of the wife of the police superintendent. He,
however, refused to press charges against any member of the mob, stating
it was one of his principles not to seek redress for a personal wrong
in a court of law. In 1906, the Transvaal government
promulgated a new Act compelling registration of the colony's Indian
population. At a mass protest meeting held in Johannesburg on 11
September that year, Gandhi adopted his still evolving methodology of satyagraha (devotion
to the truth), or non - violent protest, for the first time. He urged
Indians to defy the new law and to suffer the punishments for doing so.
The community adopted this plan, and during the ensuing seven year
struggle, thousands of Indians were jailed, flogged, or shot for
striking, refusing to register, for burning their registration cards or
engaging in other forms of non - violent resistance. The government
successfully repressed the Indian protesters, but the public outcry over
the harsh treatment of peaceful Indian protesters by the South African
government forced South African General Jan Christiaan Smuts to negotiate a compromise with Gandhi. Gandhi's ideas took shape, and the concept of satyagraha matured during this struggle. Some of Gandhi's South African articles are controversial. On 7 March 1908, Gandhi wrote in the Indian Opinion of his time in a South African prison: "Kaffirs are
as a rule uncivilised — the convicts even more so. They are troublesome,
very dirty and live almost like animals... The kaffirs' sole ambition is
to collect a certain number of cattle to buy a wife with and then pass
his life in indolence and nakedness. They're loafers... a species of
humanity almost unknown among the Indians." Writing
on the subject of immigration in 1903, Gandhi commented: "We believe as
much in the purity of race as we think they do... We believe also that
the white race in South Africa should be the predominating race." During
his time in South Africa, Gandhi protested repeatedly about the social
classification of blacks with Indians, whom he described as "undoubtedly
infinitely superior to the Kaffirs". Remarks such as these have led many South Africans to accuse Gandhi of racism. Two
professors of history who specialise in South Africa, Surendra Bhana
and Goolam Vahed, examined this controversy in their text, The Making of a Political Reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893 – 1914. They focus in Chapter 1, "Gandhi, Africans and
Indians in Colonial Natal" on the relationship between the African and
Indian communities under "White rule" and policies which enforced
segregation (and, they argue, led to inevitable conflict between these
communities). Of this relationship, they state that, "the young Gandhi
was influenced by segregationist notions prevalent in the 1890s." At
the same time, they state, "Gandhi's experiences in jail seemed to make
him more sensitive to their plight... the later Gandhi mellowed; he
seemed much less categorical in his expression of prejudice against
Africans, and much more open to seeing points of common cause. His
negative views in the Johannesburg jail were reserved for hardened
African prisoners rather than Africans generally." However, when plans to unveil a statue of Gandhi in Johannesburgwere announced, a movement unsuccessfully tried to block it because of Gandhi's racist statements. In 1906, after the British introduced a new poll tax in South Africa, Zulus killed two British officers. In response, the British declared war against the Zulu kingdom.
Gandhi actively encouraged the British to recruit Indians. He argued
that Indians should support the war efforts in order to legitimise their
claims to full citizenship. The British, however, refused to commission
Indians as army officers. Nonetheless, they accepted Gandhi's offer to
let a detachment of Indians volunteer as a stretcher bearer corps to
treat wounded British soldiers. This corps was commanded by Gandhi. On
21 July 1906, Gandhi wrote in Indian Opinion:
"The corps had been formed at the instance of the Natal Government by
way of experiment, in connection with the operations against the Natives
consists of twenty three Indians". Gandhi urged the Indian population in South Africa to join the war through his columns in Indian Opinion:
“If the Government only realised what reserve force is being wasted,
they would make use of it and give Indians the opportunity of a thorough
training for actual warfare.” In
Gandhi's opinion, the Draft Ordinance of 1906 brought the status of
Indians below the level of Natives. He therefore urged Indians to resist
the Ordinance along the lines of satyagraha by taking the example of "Kaffirs".
In his words, "Even the half - castes and kaffirs, who are less
advanced than we, have resisted the government. The pass law applies to
them as well, but they do not take out passes." In 1927, Gandhi wrote of the event: "The Boer War had
not brought home to me the horrors of war with anything like the
vividness that the [Zulu] 'rebellion' did. This was no war but a
man hunt, not only in my opinion, but also in that of many Englishmen
with whom I had occasion to talk."
In 1915, Gandhi returned from South Africa to live in India. He spoke at the conventions of the Indian National Congress, but was introduced to Indian issues, politics and the Indian people primarily by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, a respected leader of the Congress Party at the time.
In April 1918, during the latter part of World War I, the Viceroy invited Gandhi to a War Conference in Delhi. Perhaps to show his support for the Empire and help his case for India's independence, Gandhi agreed to actively recruit Indians for the war effort. In
contrast to the Zulu War of 1906 and the outbreak of World War I in
1914, when he recruited volunteers for the Ambulance Corps, this time
Gandhi attempted to recruit combatants. In a June 1918 leaflet entitled
"Appeal for Enlistment", Gandhi wrote "To bring about such a state of
things we should have the ability to defend ourselves, that is, the
ability to bear arms and to use them... If we want to learn the use of
arms with the greatest possible despatch, it is our duty to enlist
ourselves in the army." He did, however, stipulate in a letter to the Viceroy's private secretary that he "personally will not kill or injure anybody, friend or foe." Gandhi's war recruitment campaign brought into question his consistency on nonviolence as his friend Charlie Andrews confirms,
"Personally I have never been able to reconcile this with his own
conduct in other respects, and it is one of the points where I have
found myself in painful disagreement." Gandhi's private secretary also
acknowledges that "The question of the consistency between his creed of
'Ahimsa' (non-violence) and his recruiting campaign was raised not only
then but has been discussed ever since." Gandhi's first major achievements came in 1918 with the Champaran agitation and Kheda Satyagraha, although in the latter it was indigo and
other cash crops instead of the food crops necessary for their
survival. Suppressed by the militias of the landlords (mostly British),
they were given measly compensation, leaving them mired in extreme
poverty. The villages were kept extremely dirty and unhygienic; and
alcoholism was rampant. Now in the throes of a devastating famine, the
British levied a tax which they insisted on increasing. The situation
was desperate. In Kheda in Gujarat, the problem was the same. Gandhi established an ashram there,
organising scores of his veteran supporters and fresh volunteers from
the region. He organised a detailed study and survey of the villages,
accounting for the atrocities and terrible episodes of suffering,
including the general state of degenerate living. Building on the
confidence of villagers, he began leading the clean-up of villages,
building of schools and hospitals and encouraging the village
leadership to undo and condemn many social evils such as untouchability
and alcoholism. His
most important impact came when he was arrested by police on the charge
of creating unrest and was ordered to leave the province. Hundreds of
thousands of people protested and rallied outside the jail, police
stations and courts demanding his release, which the court reluctantly
granted. Gandhi led organised protests and strikes against the
landlords. With the guidance of the British government, these landlords
agreed to suspend revenue hikes until the famine ended and to grant the
poor farmers of the region increased compensation and control over
farming. It was during this agitation that Gandhi was addressed by the
people as Bapu (Father) and Mahatma (Great Soul). In Kheda, Sardar Patel represented
the farmers in negotiations with the British, who suspended revenue
collection and released all the prisoners. As a result, Gandhi became
well known in India.
Gandhi employed non-cooperation, non-violence and peaceful resistance as his "weapons" in the struggle against the British Raj. In Punjab, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of civilians by British troops (also known as the Amritsar Massacre)
caused deep trauma to the nation, leading to increased public anger and
acts of violence. Gandhi criticised both the actions of the British Raj
and the retaliatory violence of Indians. He authored the resolution
offering condolences to British civilian victims and condemning the
riots which, after initial opposition in the party, was accepted
following Gandhi's emotional speech advocating his principle that all
violence was evil and could not be justified. After
the massacre and subsequent violence, Gandhi began to focus on winning
complete self - government and control of all Indian government
institutions, maturing soon into Swaraj or complete individual, spiritual, political independence. In December 1921, Gandhi was invested with executive authority on behalf of the Indian National Congress. Under his leadership, the Congress was reorganised with a new constitution, with the goal of Swaraj.
Membership in the party was opened to anyone prepared to pay a token
fee. A hierarchy of committees was set up to improve discipline,
transforming the party from an elite organisation to one of mass
national appeal. Gandhi expanded his non-violence platform to include
the swadeshi policy — the boycott of foreign made goods, especially British goods. Linked to this was his advocacy that khadi (homespun
cloth) be worn by all Indians instead of British made textiles. Gandhi
exhorted Indian men and women, rich or poor, to spend time each day
spinning khadi in support of the independence movement. Gandhi even invented a small, portable spinning wheel that could be folded into the size of a small typewriter. This
was a strategy to inculcate discipline and dedication to weeding out
the unwilling and ambitious and to include women in the movement at a
time when many thought that such activities were not respectable
activities for women. In addition to boycotting British products, Gandhi
urged the people to boycott British educational institutions and law
courts, to resign from government employment, and to forsake British titles and honours. An
example demonstrates the popularity of Gandhi, the importance of participation
of people in the freedom movement and Gandhi's words on the worth of
sacrifice. While he was popularising Khadi in rural Orissa,
an aged poor woman who was listening to a speech by Gandhi fought her
way to where he was, touched his feet and put a one paise copper coin
in front of him. Gandhi accepted the coin and thanked her. He said to Jamnalal Bajaj: "Non-cooperation"
enjoyed widespread appeal and success, increasing excitement and
participation from all strata of Indian society. Yet, just as the
movement reached its apex, it ended abruptly as a result of a violent
clash in the town of Chauri Chaura,
Uttar Pradesh, in February 1922. Fearing that the movement was about to
take a turn towards violence, and convinced that this would be the
undoing of all his work, Gandhi called off the campaign of mass civil
disobedience. According to Andrew Roberts,
this was the third time that Gandhi had called off a major campaign,
"leaving in the lurch more than 15,000 supporters who were jailed for
the cause". Gandhi
was arrested on 10 March 1922, tried for sedition, and sentenced to six
years' imprisonment. He began his sentence on 18 March 1922. He was
released in February 1924 for an appendicitis operation, having served only 2 years. Without
Gandhi's unifying personality, the Indian National Congress began to
splinter during his years in prison, splitting into two factions, one
led by Chitta Ranjan Das and Motilal Nehru favouring party participation in the legislatures, and the other led by Chakravarti Rajagopalachari and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel,
opposing this move. Furthermore, cooperation among Hindus and Muslims,
which had been strong at the height of the non - violence campaign, was
breaking down. Gandhi attempted to bridge these differences through many
means, including a three week fast in the autumn of 1924, but with
limited success. This may have been due to Gandhi's "uncanny ability to irritate and frustrate" India's Muslim leadership. Gandhi
stayed out of active politics and, as such, the limelight for most of
the 1920s. He focused instead on resolving the wedge between the Swaraj
Party and the Indian National Congress, and expanding initiatives
against untouchability, alcoholism, ignorance and poverty. He returned
to the fore in 1928. In the preceding year, the British government had
appointed a new constitutional reform commission under Sir John Simon,
which did not include any Indian as its member. The result was a
boycott of the commission by Indian political parties. Gandhi pushed
through a resolution at the Calcutta Congress in December 1928 calling
on the British government to grant India dominion status or face a new
campaign of non - cooperation with complete independence for the
country as its goal. Gandhi had not only moderated the views of younger
men like Subhas Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru, who sought a demand for immediate independence, but also reduced his own call to a one year wait, instead of two. The British did not respond. On 31 December 1929, the flag of India was unfurled in Lahore.
26 January 1930 was celebrated as India's Independence Day by the
Indian National Congress meeting in Lahore. This day was commemorated
by almost every other Indian organisation. Gandhi then launched a new
satyagraha against the tax on salt in March 1930. This was highlighted
by the famous Salt March to Dandi from 12 March to 6 April, where he
marched 388 kilometres (241 mi) from Ahmedabad to Dandi, Gujarat,
to make salt himself. Thousands of Indians joined him on this march to
the sea. This campaign was one of his most successful at upsetting
British hold on India; Britain responded by imprisoning over
60,000 people. The government, represented by Lord Edward Irwin, decided to negotiate with Gandhi. The Gandhi – Irwin Pact was
signed in March 1931. The British Government agreed to free all
political prisoners, in return for the suspension of the civil
disobedience movement. Also as a result of the pact, Gandhi was invited
to attend the Round Table Conference in London as the sole
representative of the Indian National Congress. The conference was a
disappointment to Gandhi and the nationalists, because it focused on the
Indian princes and Indian minorities rather than on a transfer of
power. Furthermore, Lord Irwin's successor, Lord Willingdon,
began a new campaign of controlling and subduing the nationalist
movement. Gandhi was again arrested, and the government tried to negate
his influence by completely isolating him from his followers. But this tactic failed. In 1932, through the campaigning of the Dalit leader B.R. Ambedkar,
the government granted untouchables separate electorates under the new
constitution. In protest, Gandhi embarked on a six day fast in
September 1932. The resulting public outcry successfully forced the
government to adopt an equitable arrangement through negotiations
mediated by Palwankar Baloo.
This was the start of a new campaign by Gandhi to improve the lives of
the untouchables, whom he named Harijans, the children of God. On 8 May 1933, Gandhi began a 21 day fast of self - purification to help the Harijan movement. This new campaign was not universally embraced within the Dalit community, as prominent leader B.R. Ambedkar condemned Gandhi's use of the term Harijans as
saying that Dalits were socially immature, and that privileged caste
Indians played a paternalistic role. Ambedkar and his allies also felt
Gandhi was undermining Dalit political rights. Gandhi had also refused
to support the untouchables in 1924 – 25 when they were campaigning for
the right to pray in temples. Because of Gandhi's actions, Ambedkar
described him as "devious and untrustworthy". Gandhi, although born into the Vaishya caste, insisted that he was able to speak on behalf of Dalits, despite the presence of Dalit activists such as Ambedkar. In the summer of 1934, three unsuccessful attempts were made on Gandhi's life. When
the Congress Party chose to contest elections and accept power under
the Federation scheme, Gandhi resigned from party membership. He did
not disagree with the party's move, but felt that if he resigned, his
popularity with Indians would cease to stifle the party's membership,
which actually varied, including communists, socialists, trade
unionists, students, religious conservatives, and those with
pro-business convictions, and that these various voices would get a
chance to make themselves heard. Gandhi also wanted to avoid being a
target for Raj propaganda by leading a party that had temporarily
accepted political accommodation with the Raj. Gandhi
returned to active politics again in 1936, with the Nehru presidency
and the Lucknow session of the Congress. Although Gandhi wanted a total
focus on the task of winning independence and not speculation about
India's future, he did not restrain the Congress from adopting socialism
as its goal. Gandhi had a clash with Subhas Bose, who had been elected president in 1938. Their main points of contention were Bose's lack of commitment to democracy and
lack of faith in non - violence. Bose won his second term despite
Gandhi's criticism, but left the Congress when the All - India leaders
resigned en masse in protest of his abandonment of the principles
introduced by Gandhi. World War II broke out in 1939 when Nazi Germany invaded Poland.
Initially, Gandhi favoured offering "non - violent moral support" to the
British effort, but other Congressional leaders were offended by the
unilateral inclusion of India in the war, without consultation of the
people's representatives. All Congressmen resigned from office. After
long deliberations, Gandhi declared that India could not be party to a
war ostensibly being fought for democratic freedom, while that freedom
was denied to India itself. As the war progressed, Gandhi intensified
his demand for independence, drafting a resolution calling for the
British to Quit India. This was Gandhi's and the Congress Party's most definitive revolt aimed at securing the British exit from India. Gandhi
was criticised by some Congress party members and other Indian
political groups, both pro - British and anti - British. Some felt that
not supporting Britain more in its struggle against Nazi Germany was
unethical. Others felt that Gandhi's refusal for India to participate
in the war was insufficient and more direct opposition should be taken,
while Britain fought against Nazism yet continued to contradict itself
by refusing to grant India Independence. Quit India became the most forceful movement in the history of the struggle, with mass arrests and violence on an unprecedented scale. Thousands
of freedom fighters were killed or injured by police gunfire, and
hundreds of thousands were arrested. Gandhi and his supporters made it
clear they would not support the war effort unless India were granted
immediate independence. He even clarified that this time the movement
would not be stopped if individual acts of violence were committed,
saying that the "ordered anarchy" around him was "worse than real anarchy." He called on all Congressmen and Indians to maintain discipline via ahimsa, and Karo Ya Maro ("Do or Die") in the cause of ultimate freedom. Gandhi and the entire Congress Working Committee were arrested in Bombay by the British on 9 August 1942. Gandhi was held for two years in the Aga Khan Palace in Pune. It was here that Gandhi suffered two terrible blows in his personal life. His 50 year old secretary Mahadev Desai died
of a heart attack 6 days later and his wife Kasturba died after 18
months imprisonment on 22 February 1944; six weeks later Gandhi suffered a severe malaria attack.
He was released before the end of the war on 6 May 1944 because of his
failing health and necessary surgery; the Raj did not want him to die in
prison and enrage the nation. He came out of detention to an altered
political scene — the Muslim League for example, which a few years earlier had appeared marginal, "now occupied the centre of the political stage" and
the topic of Jinnah's campaign for Pakistan was a major talking point.
Gandhi met Jinnah in September 1944 in Bombay but Jinnah rejected, on
the grounds that it fell short of a fully independent Pakistan, his
proposal of the right of Muslim provinces to opt out of substantial
parts of the forthcoming political union. Although the Quit India movement had moderate success in its objective, the ruthless suppression of the movement brought
order to India by the end of 1943. At the end of the war, the British
gave clear indications that power would be transferred to Indian hands.
At this point Gandhi called off the struggle, and around 100,000
political prisoners were released, including the Congress's leadership. While the Indian National Congress and Gandhi called for the British to quit India, the Muslim League passed a resolution for them to divide and quit, in 1943. Gandhi
is believed to have been opposed to the partition during independence
and suggested an agreement which required the Congress and Muslim League
to cooperate and attain independence under a provisional government,
thereafter, the question of partition could be resolved by a plebiscite
in the districts with a Muslim majority. When Jinnah called for Direct Action, on 16 August 1946, Gandhi was infuriated and visited the most riot prone areas to stop the massacres, personally. He made strong efforts to unite the Indian Hindus, Muslims and Christians and struggled for the emancipation of the "untouchables" in Hindu society. On the 14 and 15 August 1947 the Indian Independence Act was invoked and the following carnage witnessed a displacement of up to 12.5 million people in the former British Indian Empire with an estimated loss of life varying from several hundred thousand to a million. But
for his teachings, the efforts of his followers, and his own presence,
there would have been much more bloodshed during the partition,
according to prominent Norwegian historian, Jens Arup Seip. Stanley Wolpert's words sum up Gandhi's role and views on the partition perfectly: Their
plan to carve up British India was never approved of or accepted by
Gandhi, however, who realised too late that his closest comrades and
disciples were more interested in power than principle, and that his own
vision had long been clouded by the illusion that the struggle he led
for India's freedom was a nonviolent one. — Stanley Wolpert, Gandhi's Passion, The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi On
30 January 1948, Gandhi was shot while he was walking to a platform
from which he was to address a prayer meeting. The assassin, Nathuram Godse, was a Hindu nationalist with links to the extremist Hindu Mahasabha, who held Gandhi responsible for weakening India by insisting upon a payment to Pakistan. Godse and his co-conspirator Narayan Apte were later tried and convicted; they were executed on 15 November 1949. Gandhi's memorial (or Samādhi) at Rāj Ghāt, New Delhi, bears the epigraph "Hē Ram", (Devanagari: हे ! राम or, He Rām),
which may be translated as "Oh God". These are widely believed to be
Gandhi's last words after he was shot, though the veracity of this
statement has been disputed. Jawaharlal Nehru addressed the nation through radio: "Friends
and comrades, the light has gone out of our lives, and there is
darkness everywhere, and I do not quite know what to tell you or how to
say it. Our beloved leader, Bapu as we called him, the father of the
nation, is no more. Perhaps I am wrong to say that; nevertheless, we
will not see him again, as we have seen him for these many years, we
will not run to him for advice or seek solace from him, and that is a
terrible blow, not only for me, but for millions and millions in this
country." — Jawaharlal Nehru's address to Gandhi Gandhi's ashes were poured into urns which were sent across India for memorial services. Most were immersed at the Sangam at Allahabad on 12 February 1948, but some were secretly taken away. In 1997, Tushar Gandhi immersed the contents of one urn, found in a bank vault and reclaimed through the courts, at the Sangam at Allahabad. Some
of Gandhi's ashes were scattered at the source of the Nile River near
Jinja, Uganda, and a memorial plaque marks the event. On 30 January
2008, the contents of another urn were immersed at Girgaum Chowpatty by the family after a Dubai based businessman had sent it to a Mumbai museum. Another urn has ended up in a palace of the Aga Khan in Pune (where he had been imprisoned from 1942 to 1944) and another in the Self - Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine in Los Angeles. The family is aware that these enshrined ashes could be misused for
political purposes, but does not want to have them removed because it
would entail breaking the shrines. Gandhi dedicated his life to the wider purpose of discovering truth, or Satya. He tried to achieve this by learning from his own mistakes and conducting experiments on himself. He called his autobiography The Story of My Experiments with Truth. Gandhi
stated that the most important battle to fight was overcoming his own
demons, fears, and insecurities. Gandhi summarised his beliefs first
when he said "God is Truth". He would later change this statement to
"Truth is God". Thus, Satya (Truth) in Gandhi's philosophy is "God". Gandhi's
commitment to truth has been questioned by Joseph Lelyveld, who claims
that Gandhi asked journalists to quote "not the words that had actually
come from his mouth but a version he authorised after his sometimes
heavy editing of the transcripts". The
essence of Satyagraha (lit. 'insistence/holding of truth') is that it
seeks to eliminate antagonisms without harming the antagonists
themselves and seeks to transform or “purify” it to a higher level. A
euphemism sometimes used for Satyagraha is that it is a “silent force”
or a “soul force” (a term also used by Martin Luther King Jr. during his
famous “I Have a Dream”
speech). It arms the individual with moral power rather than physical
power. Satyagraha is also termed a “universal force,” as it essentially
“makes no distinction between kinsmen and strangers, young and old, man
and woman, friend and foe.” Gandiji
wrote: “There must be no impatience, no barbarity, no insolence, no
undue pressure. If we want to cultivate a true spirit of democracy, we
cannot afford to be intolerant. Intolerance betrays want of faith in
one's cause.” Civil disobedience and non - cooperation as practised under Satyagraha are based on the “law of suffering”, a doctrine that the endurance of suffering is a means to an end.
This end usually implies a moral upliftment or progress of an
individual or society. Therefore, non - cooperation in Satyagraha is in
fact a means to secure the cooperation of the opponent consistently with truth and justice. Although
Gandhi was not the originator of the principle of non - violence, he was
the first to apply it in the political field on a large scale. The concept of nonviolence (ahimsa) and nonresistance has
a long history in Indian religious thought and has had many revivals in
Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Jewish and Christian contexts. Gandhi explains
his philosophy and way of life in his autobiography The Story of My Experiments with Truth. He was quoted as saying: "When
I despair, I remember that all through history the way of truth and
love has always won. There have been tyrants and murderers and for a
time they seem invincible, but in the end, they always fall — think
of it, always." "What
difference does it make to the dead, the orphans, and the homeless,
whether the mad destruction is wrought under the name of totalitarianism
or the holy name of liberty and democracy?" "An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind." "There are many causes that I am prepared to die for but no causes that I am prepared to kill for." In
applying these principles, Gandhi did not balk from taking them to
their most logical extremes in envisioning a world where even
government, police and armies were nonviolent. The quotations below are
from the book "For Pacifists." The
science of war leads one to dictatorship, pure and simple. The science
of non - violence alone can lead one to pure democracy... Power based on
love is thousand times more effective and permanent than power derived
from fear of punishment.... It is a blasphemy to say non - violence can be
practiced only by individuals and never by nations which are composed of
individuals... The nearest approach to purest anarchy would be a
democracy based on non - violence... A society organised and run on the
basis of complete non - violence would be the purest anarchy. I
have conceded that even in a non - violent state a police force may be
necessary... Police ranks will be composed of believers in non - violence.
The people will instinctively render them every help and through mutual
cooperation they will easily deal with the ever decreasing
disturbances... Violent quarrels between labor and capital and strikes
will be few and far between in a non - violent state because the influence
of the non - violent majority will be great as to respect the principle
elements in society. Similarly, there will be no room for communal
disturbances.... A
non - violent army acts unlike armed men, as well in times of peace as in
times of disturbances. Theirs will be the duty of bringing warring
communities together, carrying peace propaganda, engaging in activities
that would bring and keep them in touch with every single person in
their parish or division. Such an army should be ready to cope with any
emergency, and in order to still the frenzy of mobs should risk their
lives in numbers sufficient for that purpose. ...Satyagraha
(truth - force) brigades can be organised in every village and every block
of buildings in the cities. [If the non - violent society is attacked
from without] there are two ways open to non - violence. To yield
possession, but non - cooperate with the aggressor... prefer death to
submission. The second way would be non - violent resistance by the people
who have been trained in the non - violent way... The unexpected spectacle
of endless rows upon rows of men and women simply dying rather than
surrender to the will of an aggressor must ultimately melt him and his
soldiery... A nation or group which has made non - violence its final
policy cannot be subjected to slavery even by the atom bomb.... The
level of non - violence in that nation, if that even happily comes to
pass, will naturally have risen so high as to command universal respect. In
accordance with these views, in 1940, when invasion of the British
Isles by Nazi Germany looked imminent, Gandhi offered the following
advice to the British people (Non - Violence in Peace and War): "I
would like you to lay down the arms you have as being useless for
saving you or humanity. You will invite Herr Hitler and Signor Mussolini
to take what they want of the countries you call your possessions... If
these gentlemen choose to occupy your homes, you will vacate them. If
they do not give you free passage out, you will allow yourselves, man,
woman, and child, to be slaughtered, but you will refuse to owe
allegiance to them." In a post - war interview in 1946, he offered a view at an even further extreme: "Hitler,"
Gandhi said, "killed five million Jews. It is the greatest crime of our
time. But the Jews should have offered themselves to the butcher’s
knife. They should have thrown themselves into the sea from cliffs... It
would have aroused the world and the people of Germany... As it is they
succumbed anyway in their millions." However,
Gandhi realised that this level of nonviolence required incredible
faith and courage, which he believed everyone did not possess. He
therefore advised that everyone need not keep to nonviolence, especially
if it were used as a cover for cowardice: "Gandhi guarded against attracting to his satyagraha movement
those who feared to take up arms or felt themselves incapable of
resistance. 'I do believe,' he wrote, 'that where there is only a
choice between cowardice and violence, I would advise violence.'" "At
every meeting I repeated the warning that unless they felt that in non
- violence they had come into possession of a force infinitely superior
to the one they had and in the use of which they were adept, they
should have nothing to do with non - violence and resume the arms they
possessed before. It must never be said of the Khudai Khidmatgars that once so brave, they had become or been made cowards under Badshah Khan's
influence. Their bravery consisted not in being good marksmen but in
defying death and being ever ready to bare their breasts to the
bullets." Gandhi
also came under some political fire for his criticism of those who
attempted to achieve independence through more violent means. According
to a report in the Frontline magazine, he did plead several times for
the commutation of the death sentence of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev including
a personal visit on 19 March 1931 and in a letter to the Viceroy on the
day of their execution, pleading fervently for the commutation. Winston Churchill said
that it was "nauseating" to see Gandhi, "a seditious Middle Temple
lawyer, now posing as a fakir of a type well known in the Middle East,
striding half - naked up the steps of the Vice - regal palace. .. to parley
on equal terms with the representative of the King - Emperor". He continued the Jewish argument in a number of articles reprinted in Homer Jack's The Gandhi Reader: A Sourcebook of His Life and Writings.
In the first, "Zionism and Anti - Semitism," written in 1938, Gandhi
commented upon the 1930s persecution of the Jews in Germany within the
context of Satyagraha. He offered non - violence as a method of combating
the difficulties Jews faced in Germany, stating, If
I were a Jew and were born in Germany and earned my livelihood there, I
would claim Germany as my home even as the tallest Gentile German
might, and challenge him to shoot me or cast me in the dungeon; I would
refuse to be expelled or to submit to discriminating treatment. And for
doing this I should not wait for the fellow Jews to join me in civil resistance,
but would have confidence that in the end the rest were bound to follow
my example. If one Jew or all the Jews were to accept the prescription
here offered, he or they cannot be worse off than now. And suffering
voluntarily undergone will bring them an inner strength and joy... the
calculated violence of Hitler may even result in a general massacre of
the Jews by way of his first answer to the declaration of such
hostilities. But if the Jewish mind could be prepared for voluntary
suffering, even the massacre I have imagined could be turned into a day
of thanksgiving and joy that Jehovah had wrought deliverance of the
race even at the hands of the tyrant. For to the God - fearing, death
has no terror. Gandhi
was highly criticised for these statements and responded in the article
"Questions on the Jews" with "Friends have sent me two newspaper
cuttings criticising my appeal to the Jews. The two critics suggest
that in presenting non - violence to the Jews as a remedy against the
wrong done to them, I have suggested nothing new... what I have pleaded
for is renunciation of violence of the heart and consequent active
exercise of the force generated by the great renunciation. Gandhi's statements regarding Jews facing the impending Holocaust have attracted criticism from a number of commentators. Martin Buber wrote a sharply critical open letter to Gandhi on 24 February 1939. Buber
asserted that the comparison between British treatment of Indian
subjects and Nazi treatment of Jews was inappropriate; moreover, he
noted that when Indians were the victims of persecution, Gandhi had, on
occasion, supported the use of force. Unsurprisingly, Adolf Hitler told the British Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax in
1937 that the British should "shoot Gandhi, and if this doesn't suffice
to reduce them to submission, shoot a dozen leading members of the
Congress, and if that doesn't suffice shoot 200, and so on, as you make
it clear that you mean business." Gandhi
commented upon the 1930s persecution of the Jews in Germany within the
context of Satyagraha. In the November 1938 article on the Nazi
persecution of the Jews quoted above, he offered non - violence as a
solution: The
German persecution of the Jews seems to have no parallel in history.
The tyrants of old never went so mad as Hitler seems to have gone. And
he is doing it with religious zeal. For he is propounding a new religion
of exclusive and militant nationalism in the name of which any
inhumanity becomes an act of humanity to be rewarded here and hereafter.
The crime of an obviously mad but intrepid youth is being visited upon
his whole race with unbelievable ferocity. If there ever could be a
justifiable war in the name of and for humanity, a war against Germany,
to prevent the wanton persecution of a whole race, would be completely
justified. But I do not believe in any war. A discussion of the pros and
cons of such a war is therefore outside my horizon or province. But if
there can be no war against Germany, even for such a crime as is being
committed against the Jews, surely there can be no alliance with
Germany. How can there be alliance between a nation which claims to
stand for justice and democracy and one which is the declared enemy of
both?" As
a child, Gandhi experimented with meat eating. This was due partially
to his inherent curiosity as well as his rather persuasive peer and
friend Sheikh Mehtab. The idea of vegetarianism is deeply ingrained in
Hindu and Jain traditions in India, and, in his native land of Gujarat, most Hindus are vegetarian and so are almost all Jains. The
Gandhi family was no exception. Before leaving for his studies in
London, Gandhi made a promise to his mother, Putlibai, and his uncle,
Becharji Swami, that he would abstain from eating meat, taking alcohol,
and engaging in promiscuity. He held fast to his promise and gained more
than a diet: he gained a basis for his life long philosophies. As
Gandhi grew into adulthood, he became a strict vegetarian. He wrote the book The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism and several articles on the subject, some of which were published in the London Vegetarian Society's publication, The Vegetarian. During
this period, the young Gandhi became inspired by many great minds and
was befriended by the chairman of the London Vegetarian Society, Dr.
Josiah Oldfield. Having
also read and admired the work of Henry Stephens Salt, the young
Mohandas met and often corresponded with the vegetarian campaigner.
Gandhi spent much time advocating vegetarianism during and after his
time in London. To Gandhi, a vegetarian diet would not only satisfy the
requirements of the body, it would also serve an economic purpose as
meat was, and still is, generally more expensive than grains,
vegetables, and fruits. Also, many Indians of the time struggled with
low income, thus vegetarianism was seen not only as a spiritual
practice but also a practical one. He abstained from eating for long
periods, using fasting as
a form of political protest. He refused to eat until his death or his
demands were met. Gandhi noted in his autobiography that vegetarianism
was the beginning of his deep commitment to Brahmacharya; without total control of the palate, his success in Bramacharya would likely falter. Gandhi also experimented with fruitarianism,
stating in his autobiography, "I decided to live on a pure fruit diet,
and that too composed of the cheapest fruit possible ... Raw groundnuts,
bananas, dates, lemons and olive oil composed our usual diet." However,
late in life he broke his discipline and started taking goat's milk on
the advice of his doctor. This lapse of discipline bothered him to his
dying day, and he wrote, "The memory of this action even now rankles my
breast and fills me with remorse, and I am constantly thinking how to
give up goat's milk." He never took dairy products obtained from cows
because of his view initially that milk is not the natural diet of man,
disgust for cow blowing, and, specifically, because of a vow to his late mother. Nai Talim is
a spiritual principle which states that knowledge and work are not
separate. Gandhi promoted an educational curriculum with the same name
based on this pedagogical principle. It can be translated with the phrase 'Basic Education for all'. However,
the concept has several layers of meaning. It developed out of Gandhi's
experience with the English educational system and with colonialism in
general. In that system, he saw that Indian children would be alienated
and 'career - based thinking' would become dominant. In addition, it
embodied a series of negative outcomes: the disdain for manual work, the development of a new elite class, and the increasing problems of industrialisation and urbanisation. The three pillars of Gandhi's pedagogy were its focus on the life - long character of education, its social character and its form as a holistic process. For Gandhi, education is 'the moral development of the person', a process that is by definition 'life - long'. When
Gandhi was 16 his father became very ill. Being very devoted to his
parents, he attended to his father at all times during his illness.
However, one night, Gandhi's uncle came to relieve Gandhi for a while.
Gandhi retired to his bedroom and had sex with his wife. Shortly
afterward a servant came to report that Gandhi's father had just died.
Gandhi felt tremendous guilt and never could forgive himself. He came to
refer to this event as "double shame." The incident had significant
influence in Gandhi becoming celibate at the age of 36, while still
married. This decision was deeply influenced by the philosophy of Brahmacharya — spiritual and practical purity — largely associated with celibacy and asceticism.
Gandhi saw Brahmacharya as a means of becoming close with God and as a
primary foundation for self - realisation. In his autobiography he tells
of his battle against lustful urges and fits of jealousy with his
childhood bride, Kasturba.
He felt it his personal obligation to remain celibate so that he could
learn to love, rather than lust. For Gandhi, Brahmacharya meant "control
of the senses in thought, word and deed.". Gandhi earnestly believed that a person involved in public service should lead a simple life.
He first displayed this principle when he gave up wearing western style
clothing, which he associated with wealth and success. When he returned
to India he renounced the western lifestyle he led in South Africa,
where he had enjoyed a successful legal practice. Gandhi dressed to be accepted by the poorest person in India, advocating the use of homespun cloth (khadi). He and his followers adopted the practice of weaving their own clothes from thread they themselves spun on a charkha,
and encouraged others to do so. While Indian workers were often idle
due to unemployment, they had often bought their clothing from
industrial manufacturers owned by British interests. The Swadeshi movement held
that if Indians made their own clothes, it would deal an economic blow
to the British establishment in India. Gandhian simplicity was a sign
and expression of swadeshi principles. Consequently, the charkha was later incorporated into the flag of the Indian National Congress. He subsequently wore a dhoti for the rest of his life to express the simplicity of his life. The
practice of giving up unnecessary expenditure, embracing a simple
lifestyle and washing his own clothes, Gandhi called "reducing himself
to zero". On one occasion he returned the gifts bestowed to him from the Natals for his diligent service to the community. Gandhi spent one day of each week in silence. He believed that abstaining from speaking brought him inner peace and made him a better listener. This influence was drawn from the Hindu principles of mauna (Sanskrit:मौनं — silence) and shanti (Sanskrit:शांति —
peace). On such days he communicated with others by writing on paper.
For three and a half years, from the age of 37, Gandhi refused to read
newspapers, claiming that the tumultuous state of world affairs caused
him more confusion than his own inner unrest. After reading John Ruskin's Unto This Last, he decided to change his lifestyle and create a commune called Phoenix Settlement. Gandhi was born a Hindu and practised Hinduism all
his life. As a common Hindu, he believed all religions to be equal, and
rejected all efforts to convert him to a different faith. He was an
avid theologian and read extensively about all major religions. He had
the following to say about Hinduism: Gandhi wrote a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita in Gujarati.
The Gujarati manuscript was translated into English by Mahadev Desai,
who provided an additional introduction and commentary. It was published
with a Foreword by Gandhi in 1946. Gandhi believed that at the core of every religion was truth and love (compassion, nonviolence and the Golden Rule).
He also questioned what he saw as hypocrisy, malpractices, and dogma in
all religions, including his own, and he was a tireless advocate for
social reform in religion. Some of his comments on various religions
are: Later
in his life, when he was asked whether he was a Hindu, he replied, "Yes
I am. I am also a Christian, a Muslim, a Buddhist and a Jew." Gandhi met the Indian spiritual teacher Meher Baba aboard
the S.S. Rajputana on his way to the second Round Table Conference in
London in 1931, saying that he was very happy to meet Baba and asking
him to break his silence. In spite of their deep reverence to each other, Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore engaged
in protracted debates more than once. These debates exemplify the
philosophical differences between the two most famous Indians at the
time. On 15 January 1934, an earthquake hit Bihar and
caused extensive damage and loss of life. Gandhi maintained this was
because of the sin committed by upper caste Hindus by not letting
untouchables in their temples (Gandhi was committed to the cause of
improving the fate of untouchables, referring to them as Harijans).
Tagore vehemently opposed Gandhi's stance, maintaining that an
earthquake can only be caused by natural forces, not moral reasons,
however repugnant the practice of untouchability may be. Gandhi took a keen interest in theosophy. He empathised with theosophy's message of "universal brotherhood and consequent toleration", as he put it in 1926.
Gandhi was a self - described philosophical anarchist, and his vision of India meant India without an underlying government. He once said that "the ideally nonviolent state would be an ordered anarchy." While
political systems are largely hierarchical, with each layer of
authority from the individual to the central government have increasing
levels of authority over the layer below, Gandhi believed that society
should be the exact opposite, where nothing is done without the consent
of anyone, down to the individual. His idea was that true self - rule in a country means that every person rules his or herself and that there is no state which enforces laws upon the people. This
would be achieved over time with nonviolent conflict mediation, as
power is divested from layers of hierarchical authorities, ultimately to
the individual, which would come to embody the ethic of nonviolence.
Rather than a system where rights are enforced by a higher authority,
people are self - governed by mutual responsibilities. On returning from
South Africa, when Gandhi received a letter asking for his participation
in writing a world charter for human rights, he responded saying, "in
my experience, it is far more important to have a charter for human
duties." A free India for him meant the existence of thousands of self - sufficient small communities (an idea possibly from Tolstoy)
who rule themselves without hindering others. It did not mean merely
transferring a British established administrative structure into Indian
hands which he said was just making Hindustan into Englistan. He wanted to ultimately dissolve the Congress Party after independence and establish a system of direct democracy in India, having no faith in the British styled parliamentary system. Gandhi was a prolific writer. For decades he edited several newspapers including Harijan in Gujarati, in Hindi and in the English language; Indian Opinion while in South Africa and, Young India, in English, and Navajivan, a Gujarati monthly, on his return to India. Later, Navajivan was also published in Hindi. In
addition, he wrote letters almost every day to individuals and
newspapers. However, Andrew Roberts writes that 'we cannot be certain
that he really made all the pronouncements attributed to him, since,
according to Mr. Lelyveld, Gandhi insisted that journalists file "not
the words that had actually come from his mouth but a version he
authorised after his sometimes heavy editing of the transcripts."'. Gandhi also wrote several books including his autobiography, An Autobiography of My Experiments with Truth ((Gujarātī "સત્યના પ્રયોગો અથવા આત્મકથા")), of which he bought the entire first edition to make sure it was reprinted. His other autobiographies included: Satyagraha in South Africa about his struggle there, Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule, a political pamphlet, and a paraphrase in Gujarati of John Ruskin's Unto This Last. This
last essay can be considered his programme on economics. He also wrote
extensively on vegetarianism, diet and health, religion, social reforms,
etc. Gandhi usually wrote in Gujarati, though he also revised the Hindi
and English translations of his books. Gandhi's complete works were published by the Indian government under the name The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi in
the 1960s. The writings comprise about 50,000 pages published in about a
hundred volumes. In 2000, a revised edition of the complete works
sparked a controversy, as Gandhian followers argue that the government
incorporated the changes for political purposes. The Indian government
later withdrew the revised edition.
The word Mahatma, while often mistaken for Gandhi's given name in the West, is taken from the Sanskrit words maha (meaning Great) and atma (meaning Soul). Rabindranath Tagore is said to have accorded the title to Gandhi. In his autobiography, Gandhi nevertheless explains that he never valued the title, and was often pained by it. Gandhi influenced important leaders and political movements. Leaders of the civil rights movement in the United States, including Martin Luther King and James Lawson, drew from the writings of Gandhi in the development of their own theories about non - violence. Anti - apartheid activist and former President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela, was inspired by Gandhi. Others include Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Steve Biko, Aung San Suu Kyi, and Benigno Aquino, Jr. (the Philippine opposition leader during the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos and father of Philippine president Benigno Aquino III). "Christ gave us the goals and Mahatma Gandhi the tactics."—Martin Luther King Jr, 1955 In his early years, the former President of South Africa Nelson Mandela was a follower of the non - violent resistance philosophy of Gandhi. Bhana and Vahed commented on these events as "Gandhi inspired succeeding
generations of South African activists seeking to end White rule. This
legacy connects him to Nelson Mandela... in a sense Mandela completed what Gandhi started." Gandhi's
life and teachings inspired many who specifically referred to Gandhi as
their mentor or who dedicated their lives to spreading Gandhi's ideas.
In Europe, Romain Rolland was the first to discuss Gandhi in his 1924 book Mahatma Gandhi, and Brazilian anarchist and feminist Maria Lacerda de Moura wrote about Gandhi in her work on pacifism. In 1931, notable European physicist Albert Einstein exchanged written letters with Gandhi, and called him "a role model for the generations to come" in a later writing about him. Lanza del Vasto went to India in 1936 intending to live with Gandhi; he later returned to Europe to spread Gandhi's philosophy and founded the Community of the Ark in 1948 (modelled after Gandhi's ashrams). Madeleine Slade (known as "Mirabehn") was the daughter of a British admiral who spent much of her adult life in India as a devotee of Gandhi. In addition, the British musician John Lennon referred to Gandhi when discussing his views on non - violence. At the Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival in 2007, former U.S. Vice - President and environmentalist Al Gore spoke of Gandhi's influence on him. President of the United States Barack Obama in an address to a Joint Session of the Parliament of India said that: "I
am mindful that I might not be standing before you today, as President
of the United States, had it not been for Gandhi and the message he
shared with America and the world." — Barack Obama in an address to a Joint Session of the Parliament of India, 2010 Obama
at the Wakefield High School speech in Sept 2009, said that his biggest
inspiration came from Mahatma Gandhi. His reply was in response to the
question 'Who was the one person, dead or live, that you would choose to
dine with?'. He continued that "He's somebody I find a lot of
inspiration in. He inspired Dr. King with his message of nonviolence. He
ended up doing so much and changed the world just by the power of his
ethics." The Mahatma Gandhi District in Houston,
Texas, United States, an ethnic Indian enclave, is named after Gandhi.
The district officially received its name on 16 January 2010 when the
City of Houston held a naming ceremony.
On 15 June 2007, it was announced that the "United Nations General Assembly" has "unanimously adopted" a resolution declaring 2 October as "the International Day of Non - Violence." 30 January of every year is observed the School Day of Non - violence and Peace in schools of many countries. In countries with a Southern Hemisphere school calendar, it can be observed on 30 March. Time magazine named Gandhi the Man of the Year in 1930. Gandhi was also the runner - up to Albert Einstein as "Person of the Century" at the end of 1999. Einstein said of Gandhi: Mahatma
Gandhi's life achievement stands unique in political history. He has
invented a completely new and humane means for the liberation war of an
oppressed country, and practised it with greatest energy and devotion.
The moral influence he had on the consciously thinking human being of
the entire civilized world will probably be much more lasting than it
seems in our time with its overestimation of brutal violent forces.
Because lasting will only be the work of such statesmen who wake up and
strengthen the moral power of their people through their example and
educational works. We may all be happy and grateful that destiny gifted
us with such an enlightened contemporary, a role model for the
generations to come. Time Magazine named The 14th Dalai Lama, Lech Wałęsa, Martin Luther King, Cesar Chavez, Aung San Suu Kyi, Benigno Aquino, Jr., Desmond Tutu, and Nelson Mandela as Children of Gandhi and his spiritual heirs to non - violence. The Government of India awards the annual Gandhi Peace Prize to distinguished social workers, world leaders and citizens. Nelson Mandela,
the leader of South Africa's struggle to eradicate racial
discrimination and segregation, is a prominent non - Indian recipient. In
2011, Time magazine named Gandhi as one of the top 25 political icons of all time. Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace Prize, although he was nominated five times between 1937 and 1948, including the first ever nomination by the American Friends Service Committee, though he made the short list only twice, in 1937 and 1947. Decades
later, the Nobel Committee publicly declared its regret for the
omission, and admitted to deeply divided nationalistic opinion denying
the award. Gandhi
was nominated in 1948 but was assassinated before nominations closed.
That year, the committee chose not to award the peace prize stating that
"there was no suitable living candidate" and later research shows that
the possibility of awarding the prize posthumously to Gandhi was
discussed and that the reference to no suitable living candidate was to
Gandhi. When the 14th Dalai Lama was
awarded the Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this
was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi." Mahatma Gandhi has been portrayed in film, literature, and in the theatre. Ben Kingsley portrayed Gandhi in the 1982 film Gandhi, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture. Gandhi is also a central theme in the 2006 Bollywood film Lage Raho Munna Bhai. The 2007 film, Gandhi, My Father explores the relationship between Gandhi and his son Harilal. The 1996 film, The Making of the Mahatma, documents Gandhi's time in South Africa. Several biographers have undertaken the task of describing Gandhi's life. Among them are: D.G. Tendulkar with his Mahatma. Life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in eight volumes, and Pyarelal and Sushila Nayar with their Mahatma Gandhi in 10 volumes. There is also another documentary, titled Mahatma: Life of Gandhi, 1869 – 1948, which is 14 chapters and 6 hours long. In April 2010, Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India by Joseph Lelyveld was
released. It contains controversial claims that Gandhi was "a sexual
weirdo, a political incompetent and a fanatical faddist — one who was
often downright cruel to those around him." Lelyveld has stated that the press coverage "grossly distort[s]" the overall message of the book. However, this did not prevent the government of the Indian state Gujarat, Gandhi's birth state, from banning the book. Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, is a national holiday in India, Gandhi Jayanti. India observes 30 January the day of his assassination, as Martyr's Day,
to commemorate those who gave up their lives in service of the Indian
nation. There are two temples in India dedicated to Gandhi. One is located at Sambalpur in Orissa and the other at Nidaghatta village near Kadur in Chikmagalur district of Karnataka. Gandhi also appears on every Indian Rupee note. |