September 26, 2015 <Back to Index>
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Rikers Island is New York City's main jail complex, as well as the name of the 413.17 acre (1.672 km2) island on which it sits, in the East River between Queens and the mainland Bronx, adjacent to the runways of LaGuardia Airport. The island itself is part of the borough of the Bronx, though it is included as part of Queens Community Board 1 and has a Queens ZIP code. The jail complex, operated by the New York City Department of Correction, has a budget of $860 million a year, a staff of 7,000 officers and 1,500 civilians to control an inmate population of 14,000. The official permanent population of the island, as reported by the United States Census Bureau, was 11,355 as of 2009. The island is thought to be named after Abraham Rycken, a Dutch settler who moved to Long Island in
1638 and whose descendants owned Rikers Island until 1884, when it was
sold to the city for $ 180,000. It has been used as a jail ever since. The
Rikers Island complex, which consists of ten jails, holds local
offenders who are awaiting trial and cannot afford or cannot obtain bail
or were not given bail from a judge, those serving sentences of one
year or less, and those temporarily placed there pending transfer to
another facility. Facilities
located on the island include Otis Bantum Correctional Center (OBCC),
Robert N. Davoren Complex (RNDC, formerly ARDC), Anna M. Kross Center
(AMKC), George Motchan Detention Center (GMDC), North Infirmary Command
(NIC), Rose M. Singer Center (RMSC), Eric M. Taylor Center (EMTC,
formerly CIFM), James A. Thomas Center (JATC), George R. Vierno Center
(GRVC) and West Facility (WF). Bantum, Kross, Motchan, and Vierno house
detained male adults. Taylor houses sentenced male adolescents and
adults. Davoren primarily houses male inmates who are of ages 16
through 18. Singer houses detained and sentenced female adolescents and
adults. North Infirmary primarily houses inmates who require medical
attention from an infirmary. West Facility houses inmates who have
diseases that are contagious. The average daily inmate population on the island is about 14,000. The daytime population (including staff) can be 20,000 or more. The only access to the island is from Queens, over the unmarked 4,200 foot (1.28 km) three lane Francis Buono Bridge, dedicated on November 22, 1966, by Mayor John Lindsay. Before the bridge was constructed, the only access to the island was by ferry. Transportation is also provided by the Q100 Limited
stop bus service, which runs around - the - clock. There are also
privately operated shuttles that connect the parking lot at the south
end to the island. Bus service within the island for visitors visiting
inmates is provided by the New York City Department of Correction. The
North Infirmary Command, which used to be called the Rikers Island
Infirmary, is used to house inmates requiring extreme protective
custody, inmates with special health needs, mentally ill inmates, and
inmates undergoing drug detoxification, as well as some regular inmates.
The rest of the facilities, all built in the last 67 years, make up
this city of jails. There is also the Vernon C. Bain Correctional Center,
a floating barge. New York City's jail system has become something of a
small town. There are schools, medical clinics, ball fields, chapels,
gyms, drug rehab programs, grocery stores, barbershops, a bakery, a
laundromat, a power plant, a track, a tailor shop, a print shop, a bus
depot and even a car wash. Rikers Island has been referred to as the
world's largest penal colony. For comparison, Europe's largest correctional facility, Fleury - Mérogis Prison sits on 180 acres (0.73 km2) and houses 3,800 prisoners. The island was used as a military training ground during the Civil War. The first regiment to use the Island was the Ninth New York Infantry, also known as Hawkins' Zouaves, which arrived there on May 15, 1861. Hawkins' Zouaves was followed by the 36th New York State Volunteers on June 23, which was followed by the Anderson Zouaves on July 15, 1861. The Anderson Zouaves were commanded by John Lafayette Riker who was related to the owners of the island. The camp of the Anderson Zouaves was named Camp Astor in compliment to millionaire John Jacob Astor Jr. who
provided funding for the army, and who appears to have made a
significant contribution to the raising of the Anderson Zouaves in
particular, with the Astor ladies being credited with the manufacture of
the zouave uniforms worn by the recruits of this regiment. Rikers
Island was subsequently used by numerous other Civil War regiments, but
the name "Camp Astor" was specific to the Anderson Zouaves and did not
become a general name for the military encampment on the island. The island was bought by New York City from the Ryker family in 1884 for $ 180,000 and was used as a jail farm. The facility was commonly referred to by New Yorkers as simply "The Island"; for example, that is what it is called in O. Henry's 1905 short story The Cop and the Anthem. In 1932, the city opened a jail for men on the island to replace its dilapidated jail on Blackwell's Island (now Roosevelt Island). Landfill was added to the island in 1954. It enlarged the original 90 acre (360,000 m2) island to 415 acres (1.68 km2),
enabling the jail facilities to expand. The original penitentiary
building, completed in 1935, was called HDM or the House of Detention
for Men; it became a maximum security facility called the James A.
Thomas Center and closed due to structural issues in 2000. During Mayor David Dinkins' term as mayor of New York, the jail filled to overflowing, and an 800 bed barge was installed on the East River to accommodate the extra inmates. The barge is called the Vernon C. Bain Correctional Center (VCBC), and is also known simply as "The Boat". VCBC is located at 1 Halleck St, Bronx, NY 10474, at the end of Hunts Point, near the recently relocated Fulton Fish Market. The keel for the Vernon C. Bain was laid in 1989 at the Avondale Shipyard in New Orleans. Upon completion, VCBC was towed up from Louisiana to its current mooring, and attached to two Crandall Arms. It opened for use as a facility in 1992. Originally it had been leased to the NYC Department of Juvenile Justice, while Spofford Juvenile Detention Center was
under reconstruction. VCBC was formerly known as Maritime Facility #3
(MTF3); facilities 1 and 2 were reconstructed British military transport
barges, or BIBBYs (British Industries Boat Building Yard), used during
the Falklands War,
both of which could house 800 soldiers, but only 200 inmates after
their conversion. MTFs 1 and 2 were anchored on either side of Manhattan
at East River pier 17, near 20th street, in the Hudson River. In
addition, there were two smaller 1930s era Staten Island Ferry boats,
both converted to house 162 inmates each. The ferry boats were sold for
salvage about 2003, and the owner of the shipyard that built VCBC, Avondale Shipyard,
bought the two BIBBYs. VCBC is the only vessel of its type in the
world. Prior to modification for use by New York City, it cost $161
million to construct. The
initial plan for acquiring the vessel, because of the way New York City
makes capital purchases, had to begin at least five years before the
keel was laid, during the tenure of Ed Koch. A drawing by artist Salvador Dalí,
done as an apology because he was unable to attend a talk about art for
the prisoners at Rikers Island, hung in the inmate dining room in
J.A.T.C. (HDM) from 1965 to 1981, when it was moved to the prison lobby
in A.M.K.C. (C95) for safekeeping. The drawing was stolen in March 2003
and replaced with a fake; three Correction Officers and an Assistant
Deputy Warden were arrested and charged, and though three later pled
guilty and one was acquitted, the drawing has not been recovered.
The segregated unit at Rikers for LGBT prisoners, known as "gay housing," was closed in December 2005 citing a need to improve security. The unit had opened in the 1970s due to concerns about abuse of LGBT prisoners in pretrial detention. The New York City Department of Corrections' widely criticized plan was to restructure the classification of prisoners and create a new protective custody system which would include 23 hour per day lockdown (identical to that mandated for disciplinary reasons) or moving vulnerable inmates to other facilities. Whereas formerly all that was required was a declaration of homosexuality or the appearance of being transgender, inmates wanting protective custody would now be required to request it in a special hearing. In
February 2008, Correction Officer Lloyd Nicholson was indicted after he
allegedly used a select group of teenage inmates as enforcers under a
regime called "the program," as well as allegedly beating inmates
himself. However, "The Program" has been known to exist for well over a
decade and is unique to the adolescents. The inmates use it as a test
for other inmates and system of control amongst themselves. On
October 4, 2007, the New York City Department of Corrections conceded
that "tens of thousands of nonviolent inmates taken to Rikers Island on
misdemeanor charges had been wrongly strip - searched in violation of a
2002 court settlement, and were entitled to payment for damages. As many
as 150,000 such inmates have been searched at Rikers Island since 2002,
lawyers for the inmates said... The policy was kept in place despite a United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruling
in 2001 that strip - searches of misdemeanor suspects were illegal,
unless officials suspected that they were carrying contraband..." [Lead
lawyer Richard D.] Emery charged in his papers that department
officials "repeatedly resorted to lying to cover up deliberate
indifference to the continued practice of humiliating detainees by
forcing them to strip naked in groups." In an alleged July 2008 rape case reported by The Village Voice on
August 5, 2008, the alleged victim claimed "that someone entered her
cell in the 1,000 bed Rose M. Singer Center while she was asleep,
sometime before 6 a.m. on July 3. She says the intruder (or intruders)
bound and gagged her with bedsheets and then used a dildo like object to
sexually assault her. Other inmates may have acted as lookouts during
the alleged assault. The woman, who was being held on grand - larceny
charges for the past three months, was discovered at about 6 a.m. by an
Officer and a Captain who were touring the building. The Officer saw her
lying on her back on the floor of her cell with bedsheets wrapped
around her neck, mouth, and legs. She had also been blindfolded. The
incident was reported to central command at 7:30 a.m., and the woman was
transported to the Elmhurst Hospital Center. Because she did not share a
cell with anyone, a major question is how the alleged assault happened
in the first place. Officials will not talk about the investigation, and
there is no word on whether any arrests have been made." The same Village Voice article
also lists a roll call of 2008 scandals at Rikers, including the case
of Officers who allegedly passed accused cop killer Lee Woods marijuana,
cigarettes, and alcohol; the February indictment of corrections officer
Lloyd Nicholson who used inmates as "enforcers", and the April 27
suicide of 18 year old Steven Morales (who had killed his infant
daughter for crying too much) in the high security closed - custody unit. On February 3, 2009, The New York Times reported
that "the pattern of cases suggests that city correction officials have
been aware of a problem in which Rikers Officers have acquiesced or
encouraged violence among inmates." The Times added that "There have
been at least seven lawsuits filed in Federal District Court in
Manhattan accusing Officers of complicity or acquiescence in inmate
violence at Rikers, a complex of 10 detention facilities which, along
with several other jails around the city, hold about 13,000 prisoners,
most of whom are pretrial detainees. None of the seven suits have gone
to trial. In the three that were settled, the city admitted no
liability or wrongdoing." |