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Yitzhak Rabin (help·info) (Hebrew: יִצְחָק רַבִּין; March 1, 1922 – November 4, 1995) was an Israeli politician, statesman and general. He was the fifth Prime Minister of Israel, serving two terms in office, 1974 – 77 and 1992 until his assassination in 1995. In 1994, Rabin won the Nobel Peace Prize together with Shimon Peres
and Yasser Arafat. He was assassinated by right wing Israeli radical
Yigal Amir, who was opposed to Rabin's signing of the Oslo Accords.
Rabin was the first native born prime minister of Israel, the only prime
minister to be assassinated and the second to die in office after Levi
Eshkol. Rabin was born in Jerusalem, British Mandate of Palestine, to Nehemiah and Rosa (née Cohen), two immigrants of the Third Aliyah, the third wave of Jewish immigration to Israel from Europe. Nehemiah Rubitzov was born in the Ukrainian village Sydorovychi near Ivankiv in 1886. His father died when he was a child, and he worked to support his family from a young age. At the age of 18, he emigrated to the United States, where he joined the Poale Zion party and changed his surname to Rabin. In 1917, Nehemiah went to the British Mandate of Palestine with a group of volunteers from the Jewish Legion. Yitzhak's mother, Rosa Cohen, was born in 1890 in Mohilev in Belarus. Her father, a rabbi, opposed the Zionist movement and sent Rosa to a Christian high school for girls in Homel, enabling her to acquire a broad general education. Early on, Rosa took an interest in political and social causes. In 1919, she sailed to the region on the S.S. Ruslan, the bellwether of the Third Aliyah. After working on a kibbutz on the shores of the Sea of Galilee, she moved to Jerusalem. Rabin grew up in Tel Aviv, where the family relocated when he was one year old. In 1940, he graduated with distinction from the Kadoori Agricultural High School and hoped to be an irrigation engineer. However, apart from several courses in military strategy in the United Kingdom later on, he never pursued a degree. Rabin married Leah Rabin (born Schlossberg) during the 1948 Arab - Israeli War.
Leah Rabin was working at the time as a reporter for a Palmach
newspaper. They had two children, Dalia and Yuval. Rabin was non -
religious; according to American diplomat Dennis Ross, Rabin was the
most secular Jew he had met in Israel. In 1941, during his practical training at kibbutz Ramat Yohanan, Rabin joined the Palmach section of the Haganah, under the influence of Yigal Allon. The first operation he participated in was assisting the allied invasion of Lebanon, then held by Vichy French forces (the same operation in which Moshe Dayan lost his eye) in June – July 1941. After the end of the war the relationship between the Palmach and the British authorities
became strained, especially with respect to the treatment of Jewish
immigration. In October 1945 Rabin was in charge of planning and later
executing an operation for the liberation of interned immigrants from
the Atlit detainee camp for Jewish illegal immigrants. In the Black
Shabbat, a massive British operation against the leaders of the Jewish
Establishment in British Mandate Palestine,
Rabin was arrested and detained for five months. After his release he
became the commander of the second Palmach battalion and rose to the
position of Chief Operations Officer of the Palmach in October 1947. During the 1948 Arab - Israeli War Rabin directed Israeli operations in Jerusalem and fought the Egyptian army in the Negev. During the beginning of the war he was the commander of the Harel Brigade, which fought on the road to Jerusalem from the coastal plain, including the Israeli "Burma Road", as well as many battles in Jerusalem, such as securing the southern side of the city by recapturing kibbutz Ramat Rachel. During the First truce he participated in the altercation between the IDF and the Irgun on the beach of Tel Aviv as part of the Altalena Affair. In the following period he was the deputy commander of Operation Danny, the largest scale operation to that point, which involved four IDF brigades. The cities of Ramle and Lydda were captured, as well as the major airport in Lydda, as part of the operation. Following the capture of the two towns there was an exodus of their Arab population, their expulsion order being signed by Rabin. Later, Rabin was Chief of Operations for the Southern Front and participated in the major battles ending the fighting there, including Operation Yoav and Operation Horev. In the beginning of 1949 he was a member of the Israeli delegation to the armistice talks with Egypt that were held on the island of Rhodes. The result of the negotiations were the 1949 Armistice Agreements which ended the official hostilities of the 1948 Arab - Israeli War. Following the demobilization at the end of the war he was the most senior (former) member of the Palmach that remained in the IDF. In 1964 he was appointed Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) by Levi Eshkol who replaced David Ben Gurion and, like him, served as Prime Minister and Minister of Defense. Since Eshkol did not have much military experience, Rabin had a relatively free hand. Under his command, the IDF achieved victory over Egypt, Syria and Jordan in the Six Day War in 1967. After the Old City of Jerusalem was captured by the IDF, Rabin was among the first to visit the Old City, and delivered a famous speech on Mount Scopus, at the Hebrew University. In the days leading up to the war, it was reported that Rabin suffered a nervous breakdown and was unable to function. After this short hiatus, he resumed full command over the IDF.
Following his retirement from the IDF he became ambassador to the United
States beginning in 1968, serving for five years. In this period the US
became the major weapon supplier of Israel and in particular he managed
to get the embargo on the F-4 Phantom fighter jets lifted. During the 1973 Yom Kippur war
he served in no official capacity and in the elections held at the end
of 1973 he was elected to the Knesset as a member of the Alignment. He
was appointed Israeli Minister of Labor in March 1974 in Golda Meir's
short lived government. Following Golda Meir's resignation in April 1974, Rabin was elected party leader, after he defeated Shimon Peres. The rivalry between these two labor leaders remained fierce and they competed several times in the next two decades for the leadership role. Rabin succeeded Golda Meir as Prime Minister of Israel on 3 June 1974. This was a coalition government, including Ratz, the Independent Liberals, Progress and Development and the Arab List for Bedouins and Villagers. This arrangement, with a bare parliamentary majority, held for a few months and was one of the few periods in Israel's history where the religious parties were not part of the coalition. The National Religious Party joined the coalition on 30 October 1974 and Ratz left on 6 November. In foreign policy, the major development at the beginning of Rabin's term was the Sinai Interim Agreement between Israel and Egypt, signed on 1 September 1975. Both countries declared that the conflict between them and in the Middle East shall not be resolved by military force but by peaceful means. This agreement followed Henry Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy and a threatened ‘reassessment’ of the United States’ regional policy and its relations with Israel. Rabin notes it was, ”an innocent sounding term that heralded one of the worst periods in American - Israeli relations.” The agreement was an important step towards the Camp David Accords of 1978 and the peace treaty with Egypt signed in 1979. Operation Entebbe was perhaps the most dramatic event during Rabin's first term of office. On his orders, the IDF performed a long range undercover raid to rescue passengers of an airliner hijacked by militants belonging to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine's Wadie Haddad faction and the German Revolutionary Cells (RZ), and had been brought to Idi Amin's Uganda. The operation was generally considered a tremendous success, and its spectacular character has made it the subject of much continued comment and study. Towards the end of 1976 his coalition government with the religious parties suffered a crisis: A motion of no confidence had been brought by Agudat Israel over a breach of the Sabbath on an Israeli Air Force base when four F-15 jets were delivered from the US and the National Religious Party had abstained. Rabin dissolved his government and decided on new elections, which were to be held in May 1977. Following the March 1977 meeting between Rabin and U.S. President Jimmy Carter,
Rabin publicly announced that the U.S. supported the Israeli idea of
defensible borders; Carter then issued a clarification. A "fallout" in
U.S. / Israeli relations ensued. It is thought that the fallout
contributed to the Israeli Labor Party's defeat in the May 1977
elections. At the same time, it was revealed that his wife, Leah, continued to hold a US dollar account
from the days that Rabin was ambassador to the United States. According
to Israeli currency regulations at the time, it was illegal for
citizens to maintain foreign bank accounts without prior authorization.
In the wake of this disclosure, Rabin handed in his resignation from the
party leadership and candidacy for prime minister, an act that earned
him praise as a man of integrity. Following his resignation and Labor Party defeat at the elections, Likud's Menachem Begin was elected in 1977. Until 1984 Rabin was a member of Knesset and sat on the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee. From 1984 to 1990, he served as Minister of Defense in several national unity governments led by prime ministers Yitzhak Shamir and Shimon Peres. When Rabin came to office, Israeli troops were still deep in Lebanon. Rabin ordered their withdrawal to a "Security Zone" on the Lebanese side of the border. The South Lebanon Army was active in this zone, along with the Israeli Defense Forces. When the first Intifada broke out, Rabin adopted harsh measures to stop the demonstrations, even authorizing the use of "Force, might and beatings," on the demonstrators. Rabin the "bone breaker" was used as an International image. The combination of the failure of the "Iron Fist" policy, Israel's deteriorating international image and Jordan cutting legal and administrative ties to the West Bank with the U.S.'s recognition of the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people forced Rabin to seek an end to the violence through negotiation and dialogue with the PLO. In 1990 to 1992, Rabin again served as a Knesset member and sat on the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee. In 1992 Rabin was elected as chairman of the Labor Party, winning against Shimon Peres. In the elections that year his party, strongly focusing on the popularity of its leader, managed to win a clear victory over the Likud of incumbent Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir. However the left wing bloc in the Knesset only won an overall narrow majority, facilitated by the disqualification of small nationalist parties that did not manage to pass the electoral threshold. Rabin formed the first Labor led government in fifteen years, supported by a coalition with Meretz, a left wing party, and Shas, a Mizrahi ultra - orthodox religious party. Rabin played a leading role in the signing of the Oslo Accords, which created the Palestinian National Authority and granted it partial control over parts of the Gaza Strip and West Bank. Prior to the signing of the accords, Rabin received a letter from PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat renouncing violence and officially recognizing Israel, and on the same day, 9 September 1993, Rabin sent Arafat a letter officially recognizing the PLO. After the announcement of the Oslo Accords there were many protest demonstrations in Israel objecting to the Accords. As these protests dragged on, Rabin insisted that as long as he had a majority in the Knesset he would ignore the protests and the protesters. In this context he said, "they (the protesters) can spin around and around like propellers" but he would continue on the path of the Oslo Accords. Rabin's parliamentary majority rested on non - coalition member Arab support. Rabin also denied the right of American Jews to object to his plan for peace, calling any dissent "chutzpah". After the historical handshake with Yasser Arafat, Rabin said, on
behalf of the Israeli people: "We who have fought against you, the
Palestinians, we say to you today, in a loud and a clear voice, enough
of blood and tears ... enough!" During this term of office, Rabin also oversaw the signing of the Israel - Jordan Treaty of Peace in 1994. For his role in the creation of the Oslo Accords, Rabin was awarded the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize, along with Yasser Arafat and Shimon Peres. The Accords greatly divided Israeli society, with some seeing Rabin as a hero for advancing the cause of peace and some seeing him as a traitor for giving away land they viewed as rightfully belonging to Israel. Many Israelis on the right wing often blame him for Jewish deaths in terror attacks, attributing them to the Oslo agreements. Rabin was also awarded the 1994 Ronald Reagan Freedom Award by the former president's wife, former First Lady
Nancy Reagan. The award is only given to "those who have made
monumental and lasting
contributions to the cause of freedom worldwide," and who "embody
President Reagan's lifelong belief that one man or woman truly can make a
difference.". On the evening of November 4, 1995 (12th of Heshvan on the Hebrew Calendar), Rabin was assassinated by Yigal Amir, a radical right wing Orthodox Jew who opposed the signing of the Oslo Accords. Rabin had been attending a mass rally at the Kings of Israel Square (Now Rabin Square) in Tel Aviv, held in support of the Oslo Accords. When the rally ended, Rabin walked down the city hall steps towards the open door of his car, at which point Amir fired three shots at Rabin with a semi - automatic pistol. Two shots hit Rabin, and the third lightly injured Yoram Rubin, one of Rabin's bodyguards. Rabin was rushed to nearby Ichilov Hospital, where he died on the operating table of blood loss and a punctured lung within 40 minutes. Amir was immediately seized by Rabin's bodyguards. He was later tried, found guilty, and sentenced to life imprisonment. After an emergency cabinet meeting, Israel's foreign minister, Shimon Peres, was appointed as acting Israeli prime minister. Rabin's assassination came as a great shock to the Israeli public and much of the rest of the world. Hundreds of thousands of Israelis thronged the square where Rabin was assassinated to mourn his death. Young people, in particular, turned out in large numbers, lighting memorial candles and singing peace songs. Rabin's funeral was attended by many world leaders, among them U.S. president Bill Clinton, Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating, Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak and King Hussein of Jordan. Clinton delivered a eulogy whose final words were in Hebrew – "Shalom, Haver" (Hebrew: שלום חבר, lit. Goodbye, Friend). The square where he was assassinated, Kikar Malkhei Yisrael (Kings of Israel Square), was renamed Rabin Square in his honor. Many other streets and public institutions in Israel have also subsequently been named after him. After his assassination, Rabin was hailed as a national symbol and came to embody the Israeli peace camp ethos, despite his military career and hawkish views earlier in life. He is buried on Mount Herzl. In November 2000, his wife Leah died and was buried alongside him. There is much debate regarding the background of Rabin's assassination. There are a number of conspiracy theories related to the assassination of Rabin. After Rabin's assassination, his daughter Dalia Rabin - Pelossof
entered into politics and was elected to the Knesset in 1999 as part of
the Center Party. In 2001, she served as Israel's Deputy Minister of Defense. The Knesset has set the 12th of Heshvan, the murder date according to the Hebrew calendar, as the official memorial day of Rabin. An unofficial but widely followed memorial date is 4 November, the date according to the Gregorian calendar. In 1995 the Israeli Postal Authority issued a commemorative Rabin stamp. The Yitzhak Rabin Center was founded in 1997 by an act of the Knesset, to create "[a] Memorial Center for Perpetuating the Memory of Yitzhak Rabin." It carries out extensive commemorative and educational activities emphasizing the ways and means of democracy and peace. Mechinat Rabin, an Israeli pre-army preparatory program for training recent high school graduates in leadership prior to their IDF service, was established in 1998. Many cities and towns in Israel have named streets, neighborhoods, schools, bridges and parks after Rabin. Also two government office complexes and two synagogues are named after Yitzhak Rabin. Outside Israel, there are streets named after him in Bonn, Berlin and New York and parks in Montreal, Paris, Rome and Lima. The community Jewish high school in Ottawa is also named after him. The Cambridge University Israel Society host its annual academic lecture in honor of Yizhak Rabin. Reggae singer Alpha Blondy has recorded a single called "Yitzhak Rabin" in memory of the Israeli prime minister. In 2005, he was voted the greatest Israeli of all time, in a poll by the Israeli news website Ynet to determine whom the general public considered the 200 Greatest Israelis. Fawzi al-Qawuqji (Arabic: فوزي القاوقجي; January 19, 1890 – June 5, 1977) was a leading Arab nationalist military figure in the interwar period, based in Germany, and allied to Nazi Germany during World War II, who served as the Arab Liberation Army (ALA) field commander during the 1948 Palestine War. Fawzi al-Qawuqji was born in 1890 into a Turkmen family in the city
of Tripoli, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire. He served as a captain (Yuzbashi) in the 12th Ottoman corps garrison
in Mosul, and in several battles during the First World War, including
at Qurna in Iraq and at Beersheba in Ottoman Palestine. He was decorated
with the Ottoman Majidi Medal for his role in these battles. He was
also awarded the German Iron Cross, second class, for his service
fighting alongside General Otto von Kreiss' Prussians, who had opposed
the British in Palestine during World War I. The Ottoman Empire collapsed after World War I. Al-Qawuqji supported
the independence of the short-lived Arab Kingdom of Syria. In 1920, he
fought at the Battle of Maysalun, serving in the army of King Faisal as a
captain (ra'is khayyal) in a squadron commanded by Taha al-Hashimi. In 1936, al-Qawuqji began fighting the British and the Jewish
population in Mandatory Palestine in actions that would become known as
the 1936 – 39 Arab revolt in Palestine. He represented the Iraqi Society
for the Defense of Palestine, which was separate from forces under the
control of Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin Husseini. Al-Qawuqji
resigned his commission in the Iraqi army and his position at the Royal
Military College to lead approximately fifty armed guerrillas into
Mandatory Palestine. In June he contacted Fritz Grobba, who was
acting as German ambassador to Iraq. This was probably al-Qawuqji's
first encounter with a representative of Nazi Germany. In August, he
commanded about 200 volunteers from Iraq, Syria, Transjordan, and the
Samaria region of Palestine. His title was 'Supreme Commander of the
Arab Revolution in South - Syrian Palestine.' He operated four units,
(Iraqi, Syrian, Druze and Palestinian) in the Nablus - Tulkaram - Jenin
triangle until the end of October. The military performance of
al-Qawuqji's troops became hampered by internal dissensions and
animosity between him and Grand Mufti Husseini, the Arab Higher
Committee, and the Mufti's kinsman Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, who
commanded forces that were active in the area around Jerusalem. On
26 October 1936, al-Qawuqji crossed the Jordan River with his troops
into Transjordan. A few weeks later he returned to Iraq. After suffering serious wounds fighting the British in Iraq,
al-Qawuqji was transported to Vichy French-held Syria, and then made his
way to Nazi Germany. He remained in Germany for the remainder of
World War II, recuperated from his wounds, and married a German
woman. He was awarded the rank of a colonel of the Wehrmacht (German Army),
and given a captain to act as his aide, along with a chauffeured car,
and an apartment near the clinic at Hansa. His expenses were paid by
Wehrmacht High Command and by Rashid Ali's Foreign Minister. The Germans
used al-Qawuqji's name and reputation extensively in their
propaganda. In 1947 al-Qawuqji traveled to Egypt via France, and proclaimed that he was "at the disposition of the Arab people should they call on [him] to take up arms again." In August he threatened that, should the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine vote go the wrong way, “we will have to initiate total war. We will murder, wreck and ruin everything standing in our way, be it English, American or Jewish" After the UN Partition vote, the Arab League
appointed him to be field commander of the Arab Liberation Army (ALA)
in the 1948 Palestine War. This appointment was opposed by Haj Amin
Husseini, who had appointed his own kinsman Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni as the commander of the Army of the Holy War.
The execution of the 1948 Palestine War was marked by the personal,
family, and political rivalry between al-Qawuqji (who fought mainly in
northern Palestine) and al-Husayni, who fought mostly in the Jerusalem
area. In early March 1948, al-Qawuqji moved some of his forces from the
Damascus area and crossed (unmolested by British troops) into Palestine
over the Allenby Bridge, leading hundreds of Arab and Bosnian
volunteers in a column of twenty-five trucks. The British
troops' inaction infuriated General Sir Gordon MacMillan, who stated
that al-Qawudji should not be allowed "to go openly rampaging over
territory in which Britain considered herself a sovereign power."
General MacMillan did not want to confront al-Qawudji's force, however,
since he saw "no point in getting a lot of British soldiers killed in
that kind of operation." Inside Mandatory Palestine al-Qawuqji commanded a few thousand armed men
who had infiltrated the area. They were grouped into several regiments
concentrated in Galilee and around Nablus. Al-Qawuqji told his
troops that the purpose was "ridding Palestine of the Zionist
plague". According to Collins and LaPierre, he anticipated a short
campaign, and announced: In April 1948, the ALA mounted a major attack on the kibbutz Mishmar
HaEmek which sat near the strategic road that connected Haifa to Jenin,
and was surrounded by Arab villages. On 4 April al-Qawuqji initiated
the first use of artillery during the war by directing his seven 75 and
105 mm field guns to fire on the kibbutz for a 36-hour barrage. During
this battle al-Qawuqji issued a number of announcements that were
subsequently proven false. In the first 24-hours he announced victory,
on 8 April he announced he had taken Mishmar HaEmek, and after the
battle was lost he claimed the Jews had been assisted by non-Jewish
Soviet troops and bombers. Copies of these mendacious telegrams are
preserved in the Jordanian archives. The Haganah and Palmach
counter-attacked and the ALA were routed. The battle was over by 16
April, and most of the Arabs in the area fled, disheartened by the
defeat of the ALA or demoralized by the Jewish victory. The remaining
minority were expelled from the surrounding Arab villages by Jewish
forces. In July, al-Qawuqji launched a rolling offensive of counterattacks,
focusing on Ilaniya (Sejera), a Jewish settlement deep in ALA territory.
Although he deployed armored cars and a battery of 75 mm artillery to
support the ALA infantry, his troops suffered from lack of artillery
ammunition and host of other deficiencies. The opposing Golani Twelfth
Battalion withstood the attack, inflicting heavy losses on the ALA. The
battle ended on 18 July, with the ALA losing the Arab village of Lubiya,
which had been their main base in Central Eastern Galilee. The ALA established control of upper central Galilee, from the
Sakhnin – Arabe – Deir Hanna line through Majd al-Krum up to the Lebanese
border until October 1948. On 22 October, the date of the third UN
Security Council ceasefire order, the ALA attacked Sheikh Abd,a hilltop
overlooking Kibbutz Manara and put the kibbutz under siege. Al-Qawudji
told the UN observers that he demanded depopulation of nearby Kibbutz
Yiftah forces, and a diminution of the Jewish forces in Manara. The
Jewish forces responded by demanding that ALA withdraw from its
positions. Al-Qawuqji rejected these counter-demands. The Jewish forces
then informed the United Nations that in view of al-Qawuqji's actions it
did not feel encumbered by the UN's cease-fire order, and on 24 October
launched Operation Hiram. Historian Benny Morris concludes that
although the Israelis had planned for Operation Hiram, they may not have
launched this campaign without the justification provided by
al-Qawuqji's military provocations. The result was that the ALA were
driven from their positions by force, and the Arab forces lost all of
upper Galilee, even though this had been assigned to the Arabs by the UN
Partition Plan. On 30 October the Jewish Carmeli Brigade retook Sheikh
Abd from the ALA, who had abandoned the position. Shortly thereafter the
last of the ALA forces were driven out of the Galilee and al-Qawuqji
escaped to Lebanon. |