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Władysław IV Vasa (Polish: Władysław IV Waza; Latin: Vladislaus IV Vasa or Ladislaus IV Vasa; Lithuanian: Vladislovas IV Vaza; 9 June 1595 – 20 May 1648) was a Polish and Swedish prince from the House of Vasa. He reigned as King of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth from 8 November 1632 to his death in 1648. Władysław IV was the son of Sigismund III Vasa (Polish: Zygmunt III Waza) and his wife, Anna of Austria (also known as Anna of Habsburg). In 1610 the teenaged Władysław was elected tsar of Russia by the Seven Boyars, but did not assume the Russian throne due to his father's opposition and a popular uprising in Russia. Nevertheless, until 1634 he used the title of Grand Duke of Muscovy. Elected king of Poland in 1632, Władysław was fairly successful in defending the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth against invasion, most notably in the Smolensk War of 1632 – 34, in which he participated personally. He supported religious tolerance and carried out military reforms, such as the founding of the Commonwealth Navy. He was also a renowned patron of the arts. He failed, however, to realize his dreams of regaining the Swedish crown, gaining fame by conquering the Ottoman Empire, strengthening royal power, and reforming the Commonwealth. He died without a legitimate male heir and was succeeded
to the Polish throne by his brother, John II Casimir Vasa
(Jan Kazimierz Waza). Władysław's death marked the
end of relative stability in the Polish – Lithuanian
Commonwealth, as conflicts and tensions that had been
growing over several decades came to a head with
devastating events, notably the greatest of the Cossack
uprisings — the Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648) — and the
Swedish invasion ("the Deluge,"
1655 – 60).
In 1632 Władysław Zygmunt Waza – Jagiellon was elected King of Poland. By paternal inheritance, he legally succeeded as King of Sweden. His titles were the longest of any Polish king ever.
Władysław IV's father, Sigismund III Vasa, grandson
of Sweden's King Gustav I, had succeeded his father to the
Swedish throne in 1592,
only to be deposed in 1599 by his uncle, subsequently King
Charles IX. This resulted in a long standing feud, with
the Polish kings of the
House of Vasa claiming the Swedish throne. This led to the
Polish – Swedish War of 1600 – 29 and later to the Deluge of 1655. The marriage of Anne of Austria to Sigismund III was a traditional, politically motivated marriage, intended to tie the young House of Vasa to the prestigious Hapsburgs. Władysław was born 9 June 1595 at the King's summer residence in Łobzów, near Kraków, a few months after the main Wawel Castle had been consumed by fire. Władysław's mother died on 10 February 1598, less than three years after giving birth to him. He was raised by one of her former ladies of the court, Urszula Meierin. Urszula eventually became a powerful player at the royal court, with much influence. Władysław's Hofmeister was Michał Konarski, a Polish - Prussian noble. Around early 17th century Urszula lost much of her influence, as Władysław gained new teachers and mentors, such as priests Gabriel Prowancjusz, Andrzej Szołdrski and Marek Łętkowski, and in the military matters, Zygmunt Kazanowski. Much of his curriculum was likely designed by priest Piotr Skarga, much respected by Sigmismund III. Władysław studied for several years in the Kraków Academy, and for two years, in Rome. At the age of 10 Władysław received his own prince court.
Władysław formed a friendship with Adam Kazanowski and his
brother, Stanisław. It is
reported that young Władysław was interested in arts;
later this led to him becoming an important patron of
arts. He spoke and wrote in German, Italian and Latin.
Władysław was liked by szlachta (Polish nobility), however
his father's plans to secure him the throne of Poland (vivente
rege) were unpopular and eventually crushed in the
Zebrzydowski Rebellion (rokosz). With the intensification of the Polish intervention in Muscovy, in 1609, the royal family moved to their residence in Vilnius, capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. There he witnessed the fire of Vilnius, an event which even required the royal family to evacuate their residence in the Vilnius Castle. Shortly afterwords, that year, Władysław, aged 15, was elected Tsar by Muscovy's aristocracy council of Seven boyars, who overthrew tsar Vasily Shuysky during the Polish - Muscovite War and Muscovy's Time of Troubles. His election was ruined by his father, Sigismund, who aimed to convert Muscovy's population from Orthodox religion to Catholicism. Sigismund refused to agree to the boyar's request to send prince Władysław to Moscow and his conversion to Orthodoxy. Instead, Sigismund proposed that he should reign as a regent in Muscovy instead. This unrealistic proposal led to a resumption of hostilities. Briefly, since 1610, Władysław struck Muscovite silver and gold coins (Kopek) in the Russian mints in Moscow and Novgorod with his titulary Tsar and Grand Prince Vladislav Zigimontovych of all Russia. Władysław tried to regain the tsar's throne himself,
organizing a campaign in 1616. Despite some military
victories, he was unable to capture Moscow. The
Commonwealth gained some disputed territories in the Truce
of Deulino, but Władysław was never able to reign in
Russia; the throne during this time was instead held by
tsar Michael Romanov. He held on to the title, without any
real power, until 1634. Likely, the failure of this
campaign showed Władysław the limits of royal power in
Poland, as major factors for the failure included
significant autonomy of the military commanders, which did
not see Władysław as their superior, and lack of funds for
the army, as the Polish parliament (sejm) refused to subsidize
the war. Before he was elected king of the Commonwealth, Władysław fought in many campaigns, seeking personal glory. After his final campaign against the Russians in 1617 – 1618 (the end of Dymitriads), in 1619 he went to Silesia, looking for an opportunity to aid the Habsburgs in their struggle against the Czech Hussites in the Thirty Years' War. That opportunity never came, but from that point onward, Władysław had a good relationship with George William, Elector of Brandenburg. The following year Władysław took part in the second
phase of the Polish – Ottoman War, a consequence of the
long series of struggles between Poland and the Ottomans
over Moldavia. In 1621 Władysław was one of the Polish
commanders at the Battle of Chocim; reportedly he was
struck ill, but despite that, he proved a voice of reason,
convincing other Polish commanders there to stay and
fight. His advice was
correct, and the battle eventually ended with a peace
treaty that returned the status quo from before the
Ottoman invasion. This peace treaty
also gave Władysław an international reputation as a
"defender of Christian faith", and increased his
popularity in the Commonwealth itself. In 1623, while near Gdańsk (Danzig), he witnessed the arrogant attitude of Gustavus Adolphus, whose navy took opportunity of its sea superiority to demand concessions from Gdańsk (the Commonwealth had no navy). In 1624 king Sigismund decided that time has come for Władysław to travel, like many of his peers, to Western Europe. For security reasons, Władysław traveled under a fake name, Snopkowski (from Polish Snopek, meaning sheaf, as seen in the Vasa's coat of arms). In his voyage (1624 – 1625) he was accompanied by Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł and other, less notable courtiers. First, he traveled to Wrocław (Breslau), then Munich, where he met Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria. In Brussels he met Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain; in Antwerp, Rubens. Near Breda he met Ambrosio Spinola. It was during his stay with Spinola that he was impressed by the Western military techniques; this was later to be reflected when he became king: military matters were always important to him. While not a military genius, and surpassed by his contemporary, Commonwealth hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski, Władysław was known as a fairly skillful commander on his own. In Rome, he was welcomed by Pope Urban VIII, who congratulated him on his fighting against the Ottomans. During his stay in Florence he was impressed by opera, and decided to bring this form of art to the Commonwealth, where it was previously unknown. In Genoa and Venice he was impressed by the local shipyards, and in Pisa he witnessed a specially organized mock naval battle, experiences which resulted in his later attempt to create the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth Navy. After returning to Poland, in 1626 he fought against the Swedes in last phase of the Polish – Swedish War, where in 1626 he took part in the battle of Gniew. His involvement in this conflict, which lasted till the Truce of Altmark in 1629, was rather limited, and he spent much time in other parts of the country. During that period and afterward, he lobbied for support of his candidature for the Polish throne, as his father, Sigismund, was getting more advanced in his age, and the succession to the Polish throne occurred not through inheritance but rather, through the process of royal elections. While Władysław, and his father Sigismund, tried to ensure Władysław's election during Sigismund's life, this was not a popular option for the nobility, and it repeatedly failed, up to and including at the sejm of 1631. A sudden heart attack that Sigismund suffered on 23 April 1632, and his death in the morning hours of 30 April, forced the issue to be taken up again.
The election sejm of 1632
eventually concluded in the election of Władysław; it had
no other serious contenders.
The decision on who would be the Commonwealth's next king
was reached on November 8, but as the pacta conventa
were not yet ready, the official announcement was delayed
until November 13. In the pacta conventa,
Władysław pledged himself to fund a military school and
equipment; to find a way to fund a naval fleet; to
maintain current alliances; not to raise armies, give
offices or military ranks to foreigners, negotiate peace
treaties or declare war without the Sejm's approval; not
to take a wife without the Senate's approval; to convince
his brothers to take an oath to the Commonwealth; and to
transfer the profits from the Royal Mint to the Royal
Treasury rather than to a private treasury.
When the election result had been announced by the Crown Grand Marshal, Łukasz Opaliński, the
nobility (szlachta) who had taken part in the
election began festivities in honor of the new king, which
lasted three days. Władysław was elected was crowned on 6
February on the following year. In an attempt to take advantage of confusion expected after the death of the Polish king, Tsar Michael of Russia ordered an attack on the Commonwealth. A Muscovite army crossed the Commonwealth eastern frontier in October 1632 and laid siege to Smolensk (which was ceded to Poland by Russia in 1618, at the end of the Dymitriad wars). In the war against Russia in 1632 – 1634 (the Smolensk War), Władysław succeeded in breaking the siege in September 1633 and then in turn surrounded the Russian army under Mikhail Shein, which was then forced to surrender on March 1, 1634. It was during that campaign that Władysław started the modernization program of the Commonwealth army, emphasizing the usage of modern infantry and artillery. Władysław proved to be a good tactician, and his innovations in the use of artillery and fortifications based on Western ideas greatly contributed to the eventual Polish – Lithuanian success. King Władysław wanted to continue the war or, because the Polish – Swedish Treaty of Altmark would soon be expiring, ally with the Russians to strike against Sweden. However, the Sejm wanted no more conflict. As Stanisław Łubieński, the Bishop of Płock, wrote two weeks after Shein's surrender: "Our happiness is in remaining within our borders, guaranteeing health and well being." The resulting Peace of Polyanov (Treaty of Polanów), favorable to Poland, confirmed the pre-war territorial status quo. Muscovy also agreed to pay 20,000 rubles in exchange for Wladyslaw's renunciation of all claims to the tsardom and return of the royal insignia, which were in the Commonwealth possession since the Dymitriads. Following the Smolensk campaign, the Commonwealth was threatened by another attack by the Ottoman Empire. During the wars against Ottomans in 1633 – 1634 Władysław moved the Commonwealth army south of the Muscovy border, where under command of hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski it forced the Turks to renew a peace treaty. In the resulting treaty, both countries agreed again to curb the border raids by Cossacks and the Tatars, and the Ottomans confirmed that the Commonwealth is an independent power, and does not need to pay tribute to the Empire. After the southern campaign, the Commonwealth had to deal
with a treat from the north, as the armistice, ending the
Polish – Swedish War (1600 – 1629) was expiring. The
majority of Polish nobles preferred to solve the problem
through negotiations, unwilling to pay taxes for a new
war, provided that Sweden was open to negotiations and
concessions (in particular, retreat from the occupied
Polish coastal territories).
Władysław himself was hoping for a war, which could yield
some more significant territorial gains, and even managed
to gather a sizeable army, with navy elements, near the
disputed territories.
Sweden, weakened by involvement in the Thirty Years' War,
was however open to a peaceful solution. Władysław could
not go against the decision of the Sejm and Senate, and
agreed to support the treaty.
Thus both sides agreed to sign the Armistice of Stuhmsdorf
(Sztumska Wieś) on 12 September 1635, favorable to the
Commonwealth, which regained the Prussian territories, and
the Swedish tolls on the maritime trade were to be
reduced. In the three months between his election and coronation, Władysław sounded the waters regarding the possibility of peaceful succession to the Swedish throne, following the recent death of Gustavus Adolphus, but this, as well as his proposal to mediate between Sweden and its enemies, was rejected, primarily by the Swedish chancellor and head of the regency council, Axel Oxenstierna. Władysław IV owed nominal allegiance to the Imperial Habsburgs as a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece. His relation with the Habsburgs was relatively strong; although he was not above carrying some negotiations with their enemies, like France, he refused Cardinal Richelieu's 1635 proposal of an alliance and a full out war against them, despite potential lure of territorial gains in Silesia. He realized that such a move would cause much unrest in a heavily Catholic Commonwealth, that he likely lacked the authority and power to push such a change of policy through the Sejm, and that the resulting conflict would be very difficult. From 1636 onward, for the next few years, Władysław strengthened his ties with the Habsburgs. In the meantime, Władysław still tried to take a leading
role in European politics, and negotiate a peaceful
settlement to the Thirty Years' War, a settlement which he
hoped would ease his way into regaining the Swedish crown.
Following the armistice of Stuhmsdorf, Władysław came to
increasingly realize that his prospects for regaining the
Swedish throne were dim.
In the years 1636 – 1638 he proposed several reforms to
strengthen his and his dynasty's power in the
Commonwealth. His first plan was an attempt to secure a
hereditary province within the country, which would not be
threatened by the possible power shift following a future
royal election; this however did not gain sufficient
support in the Sejm. Next, Władysław attempted to create
an order of chivalry,
similar to the Order of the Golden Fleece, but this plan
was scuttled down as well, with the szlachta and the
magnates seeing this as an attempt to create a royal,
loyalist elite, and traditionally opposing anything that
could lead to the reduction of their extensive powers.
Popular vote and opposition also resulted in the failure
of the plan to raise taxes from trade tariffs; here it was
not only the nobility but even the merchants and burghers
from towns, like Gdańsk (Danzig) who were able to muster
enough support (including from foreign powers) to stop the
king's reforms. In fact, the defeat of his plans was so
total, that he was forced to make certain conciliatory
gestures to the nobility, as the Sejm passed several laws
constraining his ability (such as to hire foreign troops),
further indicating the limits of royal power in the
Commonwealth. Early in his reign, there were plans regarding marriage of Władysław and Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Palatine (daughter of Frederick V, Elector Palatine). This was however unpopular, both with Catholic nobles and the Catholic church, and when it became clear to Władysław that this would not convince the Swedes to elect him to their throne, this plan, with quiet support from Władysław himself, was dropped. Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor's proposal of marriage between Władysław and Archduchess Cecilia Renata of Austria (sister of future Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor) arrived in Warsaw somewhere during spring 1636. In June that year, Władysław sent Jerzy Ossoliński to the Imperial Court, to work on improving the Imperial - Commonwealth relations. King's trusted, father Walerian Magni (of the Franciscan religious order) and voivode Kasper Doenhoff arrived in Regensburg (Polish: Ratyzbona) on 26 October 1636 with consent and performed negotiations. The Archduchess' dowry was agreed for 100,000 złoty's, the Emperor also promised to pay dowries of Siegmund III's both wives: Anna and Konstance. Additionally the son of Władysław and Cecilia Renata were to obtain the duchy of Opole and Racibórz in Silesia (Duchy of Opole and Racibórz). However before everything was confirmed and signed Ferdinand II died and Ferdinand III backed from giving the Silesian duchy to the son of Władysław. Instead a dowry was written / protected by the Bohemian estates of Třeboň (Trebon). On 16 March 1637 a "family alliance" was signed between the Hapsburg's and the Polish branch of the House of Vasa. Władysław promised not to sign any pacts against the Hapsburgs, and to transfer his rights to Swedish throne in case of his line extinction; in return, the Hapsburgs promised to support his efforts to regain the Swedish crown, and to transfer to him some territory in case of gains in a war against the Ottomans. The marriage took place in 1637, on 12 September. The next few years were similarly unsuccessful with regards to his plans. Eventually, he tried to bypass the opposition in the Sejm with secret alliances, dealings and intrigues, but did not not prove successful. Those plans included schemes such as supporting the Holy Roman Emperor raid on Inflanty in 1639, which he hoped would lead to a war; an attempted alliance with Spain against France in 1640 – 1641, and in 1641 – 1643, with Denmark against Sweden. On the international scene, he attempted to mediate between various religious factions of Christianity, using the tolerant image of the Commonwealth to portray himself as a neutral mediator. He organized a conference in Toruń (Thorn) that begun on 28 January 1645, but it failed to reach any meaningful conclusions. After Cecilia's death in 1644, the ties between Władysław and the Hapsburgs were somewhat loosened. In turn, the relations with France improved, and eventually Władysław married the French princess Ludwika Maria Gonzaga de Nevers, daughter of Karol I Gonzaga, prince de Nevers in 1646. Władysław's last plan was to orchestrate a major war between European powers and the Ottoman Empire. The border with the Empire was in a near constant state of low level warfare; some historians estimate that in the first half of the 17th century, Ottoman raids and wars resulted on the loss (death or enslavement) of about 300,000 Commonwealth citizens in the borderlands. The war, Władysław hoped, would also solve the problem of unrest among Cossacks, a militant group living in Ukraine, near the Ottoman border, who could find worth in such a campaign, and turn their attention to fighting for the Commonwealth, instead of against it. As usual, he failed to inspire the nobility, rarely willing to consider sponsoring another war, to agree to this plan. He received more support from foreign powers, from Rome, Venice and Muscovy. With promise of funds for the war, Władysław started recruiting troops among Cossacks in 1646. The opposition of the Sejm, demanding that he dismisses the troops, coupled with Władysław's worsening health, crippled that plan as well. Władysław still had not given up, and attempted to resurrect the plan in 1647, and with support of the magnate Jeremi Wiśniowiecki (who organized military exercises near the Ottoman border), attempted unsuccessfully to provoke the Ottomans to attack. On 9 August 1647, his young son, then seven years old,
fell ill and died; the death of his only legitimate heir
was a major blow to the king. While hunting near Merkinė (Merecz) in early 1648, Władysław suffered from a case of gallstone or kidney stone. His condition worsened due to an incorrect medication. He was dying contentiously, and had time to dictate his last will and receive last rites. Władysław died around 2 a.m. on the night from 19 to 20 May 1648. His heart and viscera
were interred in the Chapel of St.
Casimir of Vilnius Cathedral.
He had no legitimate male heirs. He was succeeded by his
half brother John II Casimir Vasa. Władysław has also been described as outgoing and friendly, with a sense of humor, optimistic, a "people's person", able to charm many of those who interacted with him. On the other hand, he had short temper and when angered, could act without considering all consequences. Władysław was criticized for being a spendthrift; he
lived lavishly, spending more than his royal court
treasury could afford.
He also dispensed much wealth among his courtiers, who
were seen by people further from the court as taking
advantage of the king. He has also been known to maintain
several mistresses throughout his life, including during
his married period. Władysław had many plans (dynastic, about wars, territorial gains: regaining Silesia, Inflanty (Livonia), incorporation of Ducal Prussia, creation of his hereditary dukedom etc.), some of them with real chances of success, but for various reasons, most of them ended in failure during his 16 year reign. Through his grand international political plans failed, he did improve the Commonwealth foreign policy, supporting the establishment of a network of permanent diplomatic agents in important European countries. During his life, Władysław successfully defended Poland
against foreign invasions. He was recognized as a good
tactician and strategist, who did much to modernize the
Polish Army. Władysław ensured that the officer corps was
significantly large so that the army could be expanded;
introduced foreign (Western) infantry to the Polish Army,
with its pikes and early firearms, and supported the
expansion of the artillery.
His attempt to create a Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth
Navy resulted in the creation of a new port village,
Władysławowo. Despite a
promising beginning, Władysław failed to secure enough
funds for the fleet creation; the ships were gone – sunk,
or stolen – by the 1640s. The king, while Catholic, was very tolerant and did not support the more aggressive policies of the Counter - Reformation. When he took power, the Senate of Poland had 6 Protestant figures; when he died, it had 11. Despite his support for religious tolerance, he did fail to resolve the conflict stemming from the Union of Brest split. Despite his support for the Protestants, he failed to stop the growing tide of intolerance, either in Poland or abroad, as shown by his failure to protect the Racovian Academy, or to mediate an international agreement between the faiths. He also failed to protect the Orthodox Cossacks, a group that he respected and counted on in his plans. In internal politics he attempted to strengthen the power of the monarchy, but this was mostly thwarted by the szlachta, who valued their independence and democratic powers. Władysław suffered continuing difficulties caused by the efforts of the Polish Sejm (parliament) to check the King's power and limit his dynastic ambitions. Władysław was fed up with the weak position of the king in the Commonwealth; some of his politics revolved around a failed attempt to secure a small, preferably hereditary territory – like a duchy – in which his position would be much stronger. Władysław used the title of the King of Sweden, although he had no control over Sweden whatsoever and never set foot in that country. He continued his attempts to regain the Swedish throne, with similar lack of results as his father. He might have been willing to trade his claim away, but the offer was never put down in the negotiations. Some historians see Władysław as a dreamer who could not stick to one policy, and upon running into first difficulties, ditched it and looked for another opportunity. Perhaps it was due to this lukewarm ability that Władysław was never able to inspire those he ruled to support, at least in any significant manner, any of his plans. Władysław Czapliński in his biography of the king is more understanding, noting the short period of his reign (16 years) and the weakness of the royal position he was forced to deal with. Several years after his death, a diplomatic mission from
Muscovy demanded that publications about Władysław's
victories in the Smolensk War of 1633 – 1634 be collected
and burned. Eventually, to much controversy, their demand
was met. Polish historian Maciej
Rosalak noted: "under the reign of Władysław IV,
such a shameful event would have never been allowed." One of the king's most substantial achievements was in the cultural sphere; he became a notable patron of the arts. Władysław was a connoisseur of the arts, in particular, theater and music. He spoke several languages, enjoyed reading historical literature and poetry. He collected paintings and created a notable gallery of paintings in the Warsaw castle. Władysław assembled an important collection of Italian and Flemish Baroque paintings, much of which were lost in the wars after his death. He sponsored many musicians and in 1637 created the first amphitheater in the palace, the first theater in Poland, where during his reign dozens of operas and ballets were performed. He is credited with bringing the very genre of opera to Poland. Władysław's attention to theater contributed to the spread of this art form in Poland. He was also interested in poetry, as well as in cartography and historical and scientific works; he had corresponded with Gallileo. Notable painters and engravers Władysław supported and who attended his royal court included Tommaso Dolabella, Peter Danckerts de Rij, Wilhelm Hondius, Bartłomiej Strobel and Christian Melich. His royal orchestra was headed by kapellmeister Marco Scacchi, seconded by Bartłomiej Pękiel. One of the most renowned works he ordered was the raising of the Sigismund's Column in Warsaw. The column, dedicated to his father, was designed by the Italian born architect Constantino Tencalla and the sculptor Clemente Molli, and cast by Daniel Tym. He was less interested in decorative architecture; he supported the construction of two palaces in Warsaw – the Kazanowski Palace and Villa Regia. Among other works sponsored by or dedicated to him is Guido Reni's The Rape of Europa. |