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Ilya Alexandrovich Golosov (1883, Moscow – 1945, Moscow) was a Russian Soviet architect. A leader of Constructivism in 1925 - 1931, Ilya Golosov later developed his own style of early stalinist architecture known as postconstructivism. Не was a brother of Panteleimon Golosov Golosov studied in the Stroganov
School of Arts and Moscow School of
Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, graduating in 1912. Before World War I, he trained in the workshops
of Igor Grabar and Alexey Shchusev, and collaborated with Marian Peretyatkovich and Ivan Rerberg on Northern
Insurance Buildings (Moscow). In 1914 - 1917 Golosov
served as a military engineer. In 1918, Golosov joined
Moscow state architectural office led by neoclassicist Ivan
Zholtovsky, and
stayed with him throughout the Civil war, at the same time teaching at
the MVTU and VKhUTEMAS. Golosov's work during the Civil War and first years of New Economic Policy was limited to city planning projects, landscaping and repairs. A decade of hostilities (1914 – 1922) caused an unexpected outcome for the profession and Golosov brothers personally: their first chance to build anything emerged when they were already 40 years old. The "new generation" were, in fact, mature men with classic prerevolutionary training; the next generation (Ivan Leonidov and the class of 1929) was just beginning their college training. Ilya
Golosov participated in numerous architectural contests of
the twenties, starting with the 1922 - 1923 House of Labor
contest. Golosov developed a personal design style, when
the building had to have a center of mass, a dominant
shape; all smaller shapes and details are subordinate to
the dominant and should follow a decreasing rhythm, like a
ripple on water surface. Golosov himself defined this
style as symbolic romanticism, well before joining the
constructivist camp. In 1924, Golosov was profoundly impressed by Vesnin brothers designs of Arkos and Leningrad Pravda. He joined the constructivist movement, the OSA Group at its inception in December, 1925. Golosov's designs of this period feature carefully thought-out exterior glass walls, emphasizing inner structure of the dominant shape. Apart from numerous contest entries, Golosov won many practical commissions. Like the Vesnin brothers, he had a formal pre-revolutionary education and engineering experience, helping him win the real jobs. Unlike theorists like Moisei Ginzburg or Ivan Leonidov, Golosov was busy with actually managing construction sites, and abstained from the theoretical debates of 1925 - 1929. As Selim
Khan - Magomedov pointed out, "He created the finest
examples of constructivism, yet never became a devoted
constructivist. He understood that constructivist theories
contradict his own architectonic concepts of early 20s...
Golosov accepted constructivism as an exterior decoration
trend, not as a wholesome functional style". Yet, for a
brief period in 1925 - 1928, fellow architects perceived
him as the leader of
constructivism, due to his highly publicized completed
designs like the 1925 Zuev Workers' Club and a brilliant
streak of contest entries in 1926. In 1932, when the state sent a message to abandon avant garde in favor of neoclassical architecture, Golosov responded with a neoclassical adaptation of his symbolic romanticism concept. Golosov and his followers deliberately replaced the proven historical details (columns, capitals, friezes and cornices) with their own inventions - to differentiate themselves from pure Revivalists like Zholtovsky. The most common feature was a square, lean column with a simplified rectangular capital and base. For a short period, 1932 – 1936, this new style, postconstructivism (a term coined by Selim Khan - Magomedov), became the most common in Soviet Russia. Ilya Golosov, assigned to lead a Mossovet architectural workshop, perfected his style in numerous contests of 1932 - 1938. Unlike Konstantin Melnikov, who lost his job in 1936, Golosov was employed in practical construction until 1941 with typical postconstructivist building like the Teplobeton apartments on Spiridonovka Street (1933 – 34) and Yauzsky Boulevard apartments (1936 – 1941). In 1938, he designed and managed construction of a typical Stalinist apartment block in Nizhny Novgorod (Oktyabrskaya Street), which earned an honorable posthumous mention in "XXX years of Soviet architecture" edition in 1949. Ilya Golosov continued teaching
architecture throughout World War II. Like his brother Panteleimon,
Ilya died in 1945 in Moscow and was interred at Novodevichye cemetery. Panteleimon Alexandrovich Golosov (1882, Moscow – 1945, Moscow) was a Russian Constructivist architect and brother of Ilya Golosov. Golosov graduated from the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in 1911. From 1918 he taught at the State Free Artist Studios (Svomas), then at VKhUTEMAS and at the Moscow Architectural Institute. He later became a member of the OSA Group. |