November 30, 2010 <Back to Index>
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Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose CSI CIE FRS (November 30, 1858 – November 23, 1937) born in a Bengali Hindu Kayasth family was a polymath: a physicist, biologist, botanist, archaeologist, and writer of science fiction. He pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics, made very significant contributions to plant science, and laid the foundations of experimental science in the Indian subcontinent. He is considered one of the fathers of radio science, and is also considered the father of Bengali science fiction. He was the first person from the Indian subcontinent to get a US patent, in 1904. Born during the British Raj, Bose graduated from St. Xavier's College, Calcutta. He then went to the University of London to study medicine, but could not complete his studies due to health problems. He returned to India and joined the Presidency College of University of Calcutta as
a Professor of Physics. There, despite racial discrimination and a lack
of funding and equipment, Bose carried on his scientific research. He
made remarkable progress in his research of remote wireless signaling and was the first to use semiconductor junctions
to detect radio signals. However, instead of trying to gain commercial
benefit from this invention, Bose made his inventions public in order to
allow others to develop on his research. Subsequently, he made some
pioneering discoveries in plant physiology. He used his own invention,
the crescograph, to measure plant response to various stimuli,
and thereby scientifically proved parallelism between animal and plant
tissues. Although Bose filed for a patent for one of his inventions due
to peer pressure, his reluctance to any form of patenting was well
known. He is being recognised for many of his contributions to modern
science. Bose was born in Munshiganj District in Bengal (now in Bangladesh) on November 30, 1858. His father, Bhagawan Chandra Bose, was a Brahmo and leader of the Brahmo Samaj and worked as a deputy magistrate/ assistant commissioner in Faridpur, Bardhaman and other places. His family hailed from the village Rarikhal, Bikrampur, in the current day Munshiganj District of Bangladesh. Bose’s education started in a vernacular school,
because his father believed that one must know one's own mother tongue
before beginning English, and that one should know also one's own
people. Speaking at the Bikrampur Conference in 1915, Bose said: Bose joined the Hare School in 1869 and then St. Xavier’s School at Kolkata. In 1875, he passed the Entrance Examination (equivalent to school graduation) of University of Calcutta and was admitted to St. Xavier's College, Calcutta. At St. Xavier's, Bose came in contact with Jesuit Father Eugene Lafont, who played a significant role in developing his interest to natural science. He received a bachelor's degree from University of Calcutta in 1879. Bose wanted to go to England to compete for the Indian Civil Service.
However, his father, a civil servant himself, canceled the plan. He
wished his son to be a scholar, who would “rule nobody but himself.” Bose went to England to study Medicine at the University of London. However, he had to quit because of ill health. The odour in the dissection rooms is also said to have exacerbated his illness. Through the recommendation of Anand Mohan, his brother-in-law (sister's husband) and the first Indian wrangler, he secured admission in Christ's College, Cambridge to study Natural Science. He received the Natural Science Tripos from the University of Cambridge and a BSc from the University of London in 1884. Among Bose’s teachers at Cambridge were Lord Rayleigh, Michael Foster, James Dewar, Francis Darwin, Francis Balfour, and Sidney Vines. At the time when Bose was a student at Cambridge, Prafulla Chandra Roy was a student at Edinburgh. They met in London and became intimate friends. On
the second day of a two-day seminar held on the occasion of 150th
anniversary of Jagadish Chandra Bose on 28-29th July at The Asiatic
Society, Kolkata Professor Shibaji Raha, Director of the Bose
Institute, Kolkata, told in his valedictory address that he had
personally checked the register of the Cambridge University to confirm
the fact that in addition to Tripos he received an M.A. as well from it
in 1884. Bose returned to India in 1885, carrying a letter from Fawcett, the economist to Lord Ripon,
Viceroy of India. On Lord Ripon’s request Sir Alfred Croft, the
Director of Public Instruction, appointed Bose officiating professor of
physics in Presidency College. The principal, C.H. Tawney, protested against the appointment but had to accept it. Bose was not provided with facilities for research. On the contrary, he was a ‘victim of racialism’ with regard to his salary. In
those days, an Indian professor was paid Rs. 200 per month, while
his European counterpart received Rs. 300 per month. Since Bose
was officiating, he was offered a salary of only Rs. 100 per month. With remarkable sense of self respect and national pride he decided on a new form of protest. Bose
refused to accept the salary cheque. In fact, he continued his teaching
assignment for three years without accepting any salary. Finally
both the Director of Public Instruction and the Principal of the
Presidency College fully realised the value of Bose’s skill in teaching
and also his lofty character. As a result his appointment was made
permanent with retrospective effect. He was given the full salary for
the previous three years in a lump sum. Presidency College lacked a proper laboratory. Bose had to conduct his research in a small 24 square foot room. He devised equipment for the research with the help of one untrained tinsmith. Sister Nivedita wrote,
“I was horrified to find the way in which a great worker could be
subjected to continuous annoyance and petty difficulties ... The
college routine was made as arduous as possible for him, so that he
could not have the time he needed for investigation.” After his daily
grind, which he of course performed with great conscientiousness, he
carried out his research far into the night, in a small room in his
college. Moreover,
the policy of the British government for its colonies was not conducive
to attempts at original research. Bose spent his hard-earned money for
making experimental equipment. Within a decade of his joining
Presidency College, he emerged a pioneer in the incipient research
field of wireless waves.
In 1887, Bose married Abala, daughter of the renowned Brahmo reformer Durga Mohan Das. Abala was awarded a Bengal government scholarship in 1882 to study medicine in Madras (now Chennai), but had to quit because of ill health. At
the time of their marriage Bose was in a financial crisis because of
his refusal to accept his unequal salary and also because of some debts
incurred by his father. The newly married couple faced privations, but
managed to survive and eventually repaid the debts of Bose's father.
Bose's parents lived for some years after their debts were cleared. The British theoretical physicist James Clerk Maxwell mathematically
predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves of diverse
wavelengths, but he died in 1879 before his prediction was
experimentally verified. British physicist Oliver Lodge demonstrated the existence of Maxwell’s waves transmitted along wires in 1887 - 88. The German physicist Heinrich Hertz showed
experimentally, in 1888, the existence of electromagnetic waves in free
space. Subsequently, Lodge pursued Hertz’s work and delivered a
commemorative lecture in June 1894 (after Hertz’s death) and published
it in book form. Lodge’s work caught the attention of scientists in
different countries including Bose in India.
The
first remarkable aspect of Bose’s follow up microwave research was that
he reduced the waves to the millimetre level (about 5 mm
wavelength). He realised the disadvantages of long waves for studying
their light-like properties. In 1893, Nikola Tesla demonstrated the first public radio communication. One year later, during a November 1894 (or 1895)
public demonstration at Town Hall of Kolkata, Bose ignited gunpowder
and rang a bell at a distance using millimetre range wavelength
microwaves. Lieutenant
Governor Sir William Mackenzie witnessed Bose's demonstration in the
Kolkata Town Hall. Bose wrote in a Bengali essay, Adrisya Alok (Invisible
Light), “The invisible light can easily pass through brick walls,
buildings etc. Therefore, messages can be transmitted by means of it
without the mediation of wires.” In Russia, Popov performed similar experiments. In December 1895, Popov's records indicate that he hoped for distant signalling with radio waves. Bose’s
first scientific paper, “On polarisation of electric rays by
double-refracting crystals” was communicated to the Asiatic Society of
Bengal in May 1895, within a year of Lodge’s paper. His second paper
was communicated to the Royal Society of London by Lord Rayleigh in
October 1895. In December 1895, the London journal the Electrician (Vol
36) published Bose’s paper, “On a new electro-polariscope”. At that
time, the word ‘coherer’, coined by Lodge, was used in the
English-speaking world for Hertzian wave receivers or detectors. The Electrician readily commented on Bose’s coherer. The Englishman (18 January 1896) quoted from the Electrician and commented as follows: Bose planned to “perfect his coherer” but never thought of patenting it. In May 1897, two years after Bose's public demonstration in Kolkata, Marconi conducted his wireless signalling experiment on Salisbury Plain. Bose
went to London on a lecture tour in 1896 and met Marconi, who was
conducting wireless experiments for the British post office. In an
interview, Bose expressed disinterest in commercial telegraphy and
suggested others use his research work. In 1899, Bose announced the
development of a "iron-mercury-iron coherer with telephone detector" in a paper presented at the Royal Society, London. It appears that Bose's demonstration of remote wireless signalling has priority over Marconi. He
was the first to use a semiconductor junction to detect radio waves,
and he invented various now commonplace microwave components. In 1954,
Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose for the use of a
semi-conducting crystal as a detector of radio waves. Further work at
millimetre wavelengths was almost nonexistent for nearly 50 years. In
1897, Bose described to the Royal Institution in London his research
carried out in Kolkata at millimetre wavelengths. He used waveguides,
horn antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarisers and even
semiconductors at frequencies as high as 60 GHz; much of his
original equipment is still in existence, now at the Bose Institute in
Kolkata. A 1.3 mm multi-beam receiver now in use on the NRAO
12 Metre Telescope, Arizona, U.S.A. incorporates concepts from his
original 1897 papers. Sir Nevill Mott,
Nobel Laureate in 1977 for his own contributions to solid-state
electronics, remarked that "J.C. Bose was at least 60 years ahead
of his time" and "In fact, he had anticipated the existence of P-type
and N-type semiconductors." His next contribution to science was in plant physiology. He forwarded a theory for the ascent of sap in plants in 1927. His theory contributed to the vital theory of
ascent of sap. According to his theory, electromechanical pulsations of
living cells were responsible for the ascent of sap in plants. He
was skeptical about the then, and still now, most popular theory for
the ascent of sap, the tension-cohesion theory of Dixon and Joly, first
proposed in 1894. The 'CP theory', proposed by Canny in 1995, validates this skepticism. Canny experimentally demonstrated pumping in the living cells in the junction of the endodermis. In his research in plant stimuli, he showed with the help of his newly invented crescograph that
plants responded to various stimuli as if they had nervous systems like
that of animals. He therefore found a parallelism between animal and
plant tissues. His experiments showed that plants grow faster in
pleasant music and their growth is retarded in noise or harsh sound.
This was experimentally verified later on. His
major contribution in the field of biophysics was the demonstration of
the electrical nature of the conduction of various stimuli (wounds,
chemical agents) in plants, which were earlier thought to be of a
chemical nature. These claims were experimentally proved by Wildon et al. (Nature,
1992, 360, 62–65). He also studied for the first time action of
microwaves in plant tissues and corresponding changes in the cell
membrane potential, mechanism of effect of seasons in plants, effect of
chemical inhibitor on plant stimuli, effect of temperature etc. He claimed that plants can "feel pain, understand affection etc.," from the analysis of the nature of variation of the cell membrane potential of plants, under different circumstances.
In 1896, Bose wrote Niruddesher Kahini, the first major work in Bangla science fiction. Later, he added the story in the Obbakto book as Polatok Tufan. He was the first science fiction writer in the Bengali language. Bose
was not interested in patenting his inventions. In his Friday Evening
Discourse at the Royal Institution, London, he made public his
construction of the coherer. Thus The Electric Engineer expressed
"surprise that no secret was at anytime made as to its construction, so
that it has been open to all the world to adopt it for practical and
possibly moneymaking purposes." Bose
declined an offer from a wireless apparatus manufacturer for signing a
remunerative agreement. One of Bose's American friends, Sara Chapman
Bull, succeeded in persuading him to file a patent application for
"detector for electrical disturbances". The application was filed on
September 30, 1901 and it was granted on 29 March 1904 as US patent 755840 . Speaking in New Delhi in August 2006, at a seminar titled Owning the Future: Ideas and Their Role in the Digital Age, Dr. V S Ramamurthy, the Chairman of the Board of Governors of IIT Delhi, stressed the attitude of Bose towards patents: Bose also recorded his attitude towards patents in his inaugural lecture at the foundation of the Bose Institute, on November 30, 1917. Bose’s
place in history has now been re-evaluated, and he is credited with the
invention of the first wireless detection device and the discovery of
millimetre length electromagnetic waves and considered a pioneer in the
field of biophysics. Many
of his instruments are still on display and remain largely usable now,
over 100 years later. They include various antennas, polarisers, and
waveguides, which remain in use in modern forms today. Commemorating his birth centenary in 1958, the JBNSTS scholarship programme was started in West Bengal. |