October 07, 2010 <Back to Index>
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Fernando Belaúnde Terry (October 7, 1912 – June 4, 2002) was President of Peru for two terms (1963–1968 and 1980–1985). Deposed by a military coup in 1968, he was re-elected in 1980 after twelve years of military rule. During both terms, economic turbulence and the increase of terrorist activities in the country led to human rights violations by both insurgents and the Peruvian armed forces. Nevertheless, he was recognized for his personal integrity and his commitment to the democratic process. The second of four children, Belaúnde was born in Lima into an upper-class family of Spanish forebears. His father, Rafael Belaúnde Diez Canseco, a teacher, served twice as President of the Council of Ministers; his grandfather was a finance minister; and one of his great-grandfathers was a President of the Republic. During the dictatorship of Augusto B. Leguía, the persecution for the political activities of his father Rafael and his uncle Víctor Andrés Belaúnde prompted the family to move to France in 1924, where Fernando attended high school and received his initial University education in engineering. From 1930 to 1935, Belaúnde studied architecture in the United States, where he first attended the University of Miami (where his father was also teaching), and in 1935 transferred to the University of Texas at Austin, where he obtained his degree as an architect. He later moved to Mexico and worked as an architect for a brief time, but returned to Peru in 1936 and started his professional career as an architect designing private homes. In 1937, he started a magazine called El Arquitecto Peruano ("Peruvian Architect"), which dealt with interior design, general urbanism and housing problems the country was facing. This also gave way to the Architects Association of Peru and the Urbanism Institute of Peru. As
a result, Belaúnde also became a government public-housing
consultant throughout the country and abroad. In 1943, Belaúnde
began teaching architecture and urban planning at
Escuela Nacional de Ingenieros of Lima and later became the dean of the
Civil Engineering and Architecture department. Belaúnde also
directed the construction, along with other professors and students, of
the faculty of architecture of the National University of Engineering in 1955. Belaúnde's political career began in 1944 as cofounder of the National Democratic Front party which elected José Bustamante as President in 1945; he served in the Peruvian Congress until a coup by General Manuel Odría in 1948 interrupted democratic elections. Belaúnde
would return to the political arena in 1956, when the outgoing
Odría dictatorship called for elections and he led the slate
submitted by the "National Front of Democratic Youth", an organization
formed by reform-minded university students, some of which had studied
under him; his principled support for the "La Prensa" newspaper, which
had been closed down by the dictatorship in early 1956, had prompted
the leadership of the National Front to approach him as to lead its
slate. He
gained notoriety on June 1 of the same year when, after the national
election board refused to accept his candidacy filing, he led a massive
protest that became known as the "manguerazo" or "hosedown" from the
powerful water cannons used by the police to repress the demonstrators.
When the confrontation looked to turn violent, Belaúnde showed
the gift for symbolism that would serve him well throughout his
political life; calming down the demonstrators and armed solely with a
Peruvian flag, he crossed alone the gap separating the demonstrators
from the police to deliver an ultimatum to the police chief that his
candidacy be accepted. The
government capitulated, and the striking image of Belaúnde
walking by himself with the flag was featured by the news magazine Caretas the following day, in an article entitled "Así Nacen Los Lideres" ("This is how Leaders are Born"). Belaúnde's
1956 candidacy was ultimately unsuccessful, as the dictatorship-favored
right-wing candidacy of Manuel Prado took first place. Claiming
irregularities, he prepared to lead the opposition, and in July 1956 in
Chincheros, Cuzco, founded the Acción Popular party,
claiming the mantle of recapturing indigenous Inca traditions of
community and cooperation in a modern social democratic context,
placing itself squarely between the pro-oligarchy right-wing and the
radicalism of the left-wing APRA and communist parties. He
would go on to travel extensively throughout the country, fleshing out
the ideological principles of Acción Popular, while leading the
opposition. During this period Belaúnde's traditionalism would
manifest itself in dramatic flourishes, most notoriously when he
challenged to a duel a Pradista congressman who refused to retract
insulting statements in an open letter; the duel took place, with minor
scratches on both sides. In
1959, the Prado government's refusal to authorize the permits for
Accion Popular annual convention led to another confrontation:
Belaúnde led the opening of the convention in defiance of the
prohibition, and the Prado government arrested and jailed him in the
Alcatraz-like island prison of El Frontón off
the Lima coast. The imprisonment lasted 12 days, during which
Belaúnde engaged in a failed attempt to escape by swimming to
freedom; the Prado government, facing unrelenting public pressure, was
forced to release him and drop all charges. Belaúnde ran for president once again in the general elections of 1962, this time with his own party, Acción Popular. The results were very tight; he ended in second place, following Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre (APRA),
by less than 14000 votes. Since none of the candidates managed to get
the Constitutionally established minimum of one third of the vote
required to win outright, selection of the President would fall to
Congress; the long-held antagonistic relationship between the military
and APRA prompted Haya de la Torre to make a deal with former dictator
Odría, who had come in third, which would result in Odría
taking the Presidency in a coalition government. However, widespread
allegations of fraud prompted the Peruvian military to depose Prado and
install a military junta, led by Ricardo Pérez Godoy.
Pérez Godoy ran a short transitional government and held new
elections in 1963, which were won by Belaúnde by a more
comfortable but still narrow five percent margin. During Belaúnde's first term in office, he spurred numerous developmental projects. These included the Carretera Marginal de la Selva, a much-needed highway linking Chiclayo on the Pacific coast with then isolated northern regions of Amazonas and San Martín. He
also advanced the ambitious Santiago Antunez de Mayolo and Chira Piura
irrigation projects, and the Tinajones, Jequetepeque, Majes,
Chavimochic, Olmos, Chinecas hydroelectric projects. Belaúnde
also oversaw the establishment of the Peruvian National Bank (Banco de
la Nación). To alleviate poverty, Belaúnde also promoted
a program of "social interest" homes in Lima and other cities, which
benefited dozens of thousands of families. However, his administration was
also blamed for making bad economic decisions, and by 1967 the sol was seriously devaluated. In August 1968, the Belaúnde Administration announced the settlement of a long-standing dispute with a subsidiary of Standard Oil of New Jersey over claims to the rich La Brea and Pariñas oil fields.
However, widespread anger about Belaúnde's decision to pay the
Standard Oil compensation for handing over the installation to Peru
forced his cabinet to resign on October 1. A
further cause of anger was the fact that the document of agreement was
given by Belaunde to the press with the final page eleven missing and
signatures were squeezed at the bottom of page ten. The missing page
eleven became a cause célèbre and was later shown on television containing the contribution that
Belaúnde had promised to pay. Several days later,
Belaúnde himself was removed from office by a military coup.
Belaúnde
spent the next decade in the United States, teaching at Harvard and
other universities. Meanwhile, the radical military regime established
by General Velasco instituted sweeping but ill-fated reforms. In April
1980, with Peru's economy in deep depression, the military administration permitted an election for the restoration of
constitutional rule. Belaúnde won a five-year term, polling an
impressive 45 percent of the vote in a 15-man contest. One of his first actions as President was the return of several newspapers to their respective owners. In this way, freedom of speech once again played an important part in Peruvian politics. Gradually, he
attempted to undo some of the most radical effects of the Agrarian Reform initiated
by Velasco, and reversed the independent stance that the Military
Government of Velasco had with the United States. At the outbreak of
the 1982 Falklands War between Argentina and Britain,
Belaúnde declared that "Peru was ready to support Argentina with
all the resources it needed." This included a number of fighter planes
from the Peruvian Air Force,
ships, and medical teams. Belaunde's government proposed a peace
settlement between the two countries, but the Argentine military junta
rejected it and
the British launched an attack on the Argentinian forces deployed
around the islands. In response to Chile's support of Britain,
Belaúnde called for Latin American unity. In
domestic policy, he continued with many of the projects that were
planned during his first term, including the completion of what is
considerated his most important legacy, the Carretera Marginal de la Selva, a much-needed roadway linking Chiclayo on the Pacific coast with then isolated northern regions of Amazonas and San Martín. After a promising beginning, Belaúnde's popularity eroded under the stress of inflation, economic hardship, and terrorism: per capita income declined, Peru's foreign debt burgeoned, and violence by leftist insurgents (notably Shining Path) rose steadily during the internal conflict in Peru, which was launched the day before Belaúnde was elected in 1980. Regarding
Shining Path, Belaúnde personally did not pay too much attention
to this: insurgent movements were already active during his first term,
but without much support. In addition, some government officials and
insurgents were subsequently accused of human rights violations, and a state of emergency was promulgated in the Ayacucho and Apurímac regions. During
the next years, the economic problems left over from the Military
Government persisted, worsened by an occurrence of the "El Niño"
weather phenomenon in 1982–83, which caused widespread flooding in some
parts of the country, severe droughts in others, and decimated the
schools of ocean fish that are one of the country's major resources. During the national elections of 1985, Belaúnde's Party, Acción Popular, was defeated by APRA candidate Alan García. However, as established in the 1979 Constitution, he would go on to serve in the Peruvian Senate as Senador Vitalicio ("senator for life"), a privilege for former Presidents abolished by the 1993 Constitution. Belaúnde
died in Lima in 2002 at age 89 with the most spectacular funeral ever
held for a former President in the country's history. Thousands of
admirers flooded the streets of Lima to pay their final respects to the
man many considered the father of Peru's modern democracy. |