August 28, 2011 <Back to Index>
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Muhammad ibn Zakariyā Rāzī (Mohammad-e Zakariā-ye Rāzi: Persian: محمد زکریای رازی), known as Rhazes or Rasis after medieval Latinists, (August 28, 865, Rey – 925, Rey) was a Persian physician, alchemist and chemist, philosopher, and scholar. He is recognised as a polymath, and
Biographies of Razi, based on his writings, describe him as “perhaps
the greatest clinician of all times.” Numerous “firsts” in medical
research, clinical care, and chemistry are attributed to him, including
being the first to differentiate smallpox from measles, and the discovery of numerous compounds and chemicals including alcohol and kerosene, among others. Edward Granville Browne considers him as "probably the greatest and most original of all the physicians, and one of the most prolific as an author". Razi made fundamental and enduring contributions to the fields of medicine, alchemy, music, and philosophy, recorded in over 200 books and articles in various fields of science. He was well-versed in Persian, Greek and Indian medical knowledge and made numerous advances in medicine through own observations and discoveries. Educated in music, mathematics, philosophy, and metaphysics, he chose medicine as his professional field. As a physician, he was an early proponent of experimental medicine and has been described as the father of pediatrics. He was also a pioneer of neurosurgery and ophthalmology. He was among the first to use Humoralism to distinguish one contagious disease from another. In particular, Razi was the first physician to distinguish smallpox and measles through his clinical characterization of the two diseases. As an alchemist, Razi is known for his study of sulfuric acid and for his discovery of ethanol and
its refinement to use in medicine. He became chief physician of Rey and
Baghdad hospitals. Razi invented what today is known as rubbing alcohol. Razi was a rationalist and very confident in the power of ratiocination;
he was widely regarded by his contemporaries and biographers as
liberal, free of prejudice, and bold in expressing his ideas. He
traveled extensively, mostly in Persia.
As a teacher in medicine, he attracted students of all disciplines and
was said to be compassionate and devoted to the service of his
patients, whether rich or poor. Rhazes was born on 28 August 865 CE and died on 6 October 925 CE. His name Razi in Persian means from the city of Rey, an ancient town called Ragha in old Persian and Ragâ in Avestan. It is located on the southern slopes of the Elburz Range situated near Tehran, Iran. In this city (like Ibn Sina) he accomplished most of his work. In his early life he could have been a musician or singer (see Ibn abi Usaibi'ah) but more likely a lute-player who shifted his interest from music to alchemy (cf. ibn Juljul, Sa'id, ibn Khallikan, Usaibi'ah, al-Safadi).
At the age of 30 (Safadi says after 40) he stopped his study of alchemy
because his experimentation had caused an eye-disease (Cf. al-Biruni), obliging him to search for physicians and medicine to cure it. al-Biruni, Beyhaqi and others, say this was the reason why he began his medical studies. He studied medicine under Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, known as Ali ibn Rabban al-Tabari or Ali ibn Sahl, (Cf. al-Qifti, Usaibi'ah), a physician and philosopher born in Merv about 192 AH (808 C.E.) (d. approx. 240 AH (855 C.E.)). Ali ibn Sahl belonged to the medical school of Tabaristan or Hyrcania). Razi became famous in his native city as a physician. He became Director of the hospital of Rey (Cf. ibn
Juljul, al-Qifti, ibn abi Usaibi'ah), during the reign of Mansur ibn
Ishaq ibn Ahmad ibn Asad who was Governor of Rey from 290 - 296 AH
(902 - 908 C.E.) on behalf of his cousin Ahmad ibn Isma'il ibn Ahmad,
second Samanian ruler. Razi dedicated his al-Tibb al-'Mansuri to
Mansur ibn Ishaq ibn Ahmad, which was verified in a handwritten
manuscript of his book. This was refuted by ibn al-Nadim', but al-Qifti
and ibn abi Usaibi'ah confirmed that the named Mansur was indeed Mansur
ibn Isma'il who died in 365 AH (975 C.E.). Razi moved from Rey to
Baghdad during Caliph Muktafi's reign (approx. 289 - 295 AH (901 - 907
C.E.)) where he again held a position as Chief Director of a hospital. After al-Muktafi's death in 295 AH (907 C.E.) Razi allegedly returned to Rey where he gathered many students around him. As Ibn al-Nadim relates in Fihrist, Razi was then a Shaikh (title
given to one entitled to teach), surrounded by several circles of
students. When someone arrived with a scientific question, this
question was passed on to students of the 'first circle'. If they did
not know the answer, it was passed on to those of the 'second
circle'... and so on and on, until at last, when all others had failed
to supply an answer, it came to Razi himself. We know of at least one
of these students who became a physician. Razi was a very generous man,
with a humane behavior towards his patients, and acting charitable to
the poor. He used to give them full treatment without charging any fee, nor demanding any other payment. His
eye affliction started with cataracts and ended in total blindness. One
of his pupils from Tabaristan came to look after him, but, according to
al-Biruni, he refused to be treated, proclaiming it was useless as his
hour of death was approaching. Some days later he died in Rey, on the
5th of Sha'ban 313 AH (27 October, 925 C.E.). However, his fame spread and lived on. In an undated catalogue of the library at Peterborough Abbey, most likely from the 14th century, he is listed as a part author of ten books on medicine. Razi studied medicine under Ali ibn Rabban al-Tabari, however, Ibn al-Nadim indicates
that he studied philosophy under al-Bakhi, who had travelled much and
possessed great knowledge of philosophy and ancient sciences. Some even
say that Razi attributed some of al-Balkhi's books on philosophy to
himself. We know nothing about this man called al-Balkhi, not even his
full name. Razi's opponents, on the contrary, are well-known. They are the following: More names could be added to this list of all people opposed by al-Razi, specifically the Mu'tazilah and different Mutakallimin. |